吉林省雾霾和雾霾事件的时空特征及评估方法

利用1961~2013年吉林省50站逐日资料,建立了雾霾事件综合指数。在此基础上,采用百分位数、累计距平、耿贝尔极值分布等方法分析了吉林省雾霾和雾霾事件的时空分布特征,建立雾霾事件评估指标。结果表明:吉林省年平均雾霾日数呈由西北向东南增加的空间分布特征;雾霾和雾霾事件8~9月发生频率较高,强雾霾事件主要出现在10~11月;雾霾和雾霾事件1967~1995年为偏多阶段,1996~2013年处于偏少阶段;1990年代以后雾霾和雾霾事件呈减少趋势。利用历史排位、等级评估及历史气候重现期评估指标等方法对雾霾事件进行的评估结果较为客观,便于业务应用。     

化州暴雨气候特征分析及极端事件重现期计算

利用化州1959年以来的降水资料,对化州暴雨气候变化特征进行分析,在此基础上,研究极端降水的重现期,以期为化州市洪涝灾害的防范和风险管理提供一定的参考数据。统计分析表明,化州年暴雨日数与年雨量之间相关性较好,连续性暴雨多发生在龙舟水以及台风影响期间;暴雨日数、年暴雨量变化趋势显著;暴雨日数1964年发生了突变;暴雨日数、暴雨量存在11年的主要准周期;计算重现期,化州50a一遇的最大日降水量为395.2mm,100a一遇的最大日降水量为451.2mm。     

北京城市内涝积水的数值模拟

北京城市内涝数值模型(BUW)根据北京复杂地形和大城市特点,将各类空间信息剖分为6458个网格及相应的通道,围绕城市地表、河道沟渠、排水管网等城市主要水文水动力学物理过程,模拟积水深度变化情况。以精细化的降水监测为驱动条件,BUW可以较好地模拟出“7·21”城市内涝积水的空间分布,对重点桥区的积水深度,积水过程的模拟也比较贴近实际,具有良好的模拟性能。360 min历时的2年重现期降雨情景下,北京四环内就会产生一定的积水,以孤立的积水点为主。10和50年重现期下,积水的深度和范围都有所增加,且开始呈片状。100年重现期,整个五环内都出现严重的城市积水,南部出现大片超过50 cm的积水区域,部分地区积水超过80 cm。面对“7·21”级别的降水,排水管网直径拓宽20%并不能明显改善城市排水能力。拓宽60%时,四环到五环之间的积水明显减弱,四环以内的大部分积水减弱。拓宽100%时,仅在二环到四环之间还有一些较浅的积水,拓宽140%时,六环内大部分积水消失。     

回击电流及热效应与闪电光谱和通道温度的相关性分析

依据在青海地区由无狭缝光栅摄谱仪获得的2次多回击云对地闪电的光谱,结合同步辐射电场变化资料,计算了放电等离子体的温度、光谱总强度以及回击通道的峰值电流和作用积分。对观测结果和这些参数进行对比分析,结果表明:(1)同一次地闪的不同回击过程中,光谱总强度与放电电流的大小呈正相关;(2)相邻2次回击的时间间隔较长时,等离子体通道的温度与电流作用积分基本成正比;当相邻2次回击的时间间隔较短时,通道温度与作用积分不再线性相关。     

我国海洋平台抗震标准若干问题探讨

我国尚未制定海洋平台的抗震标准.本文首先介绍了美国RP2A-WSD规范的内容,并与我国相关规范进行对比分析,认为我国目前采用的海洋平台强度设计和变形设计水准过于保守.从海洋平台的结构特征出发,探讨了海洋平台的工程地震问题.在此基础上,根据我国海域地震活动特征、海洋平台的设计基准期和设防目标等因素,参照相关行业工程抗震设防标准的经验,提出我国海洋平台用于强度设计的正常使用极限地震重现期取200年、用于延性设计的变形极限地震重现期取1000年.最后通过一个工程实例,分析了海底泥面对设计地震动参数的影响,以及不同抗震标准下设计地震动参数的差别,认为本文提出的平台抗震设防水准是安全合理的,同时又兼顾到我国经济承受能力以及与现行标准的连贯性.     

A hydrochemical approach to quantify the role of return flow in a surface flow‐dominated catchment

Stormflow generation in headwater catchments dominated by subsurface flow has been studied extensively, yet catchments dominated by surface flow have received less attention. We addressed this by testing whether stormflow chemistry is controlled by either (a) the event‐water signature of overland flow, or (b) the pre‐event water signature of return flow. We used a high‐resolution hydrochemical data set of stormflow and end‐members of multiple storms in an end‐member mixing analysis to determine the number of end‐members needed to explain stormflow, characterize and identify potential end‐members, calculate their contributions to stormflow, and develop a conceptual model of stormflow. The arrangement and relative positioning of end‐members in stormflow mixing space suggest that saturation excess overland flow (26–48%) and return flow from two different subsurface storage pools (17–53%) are both similarly important for stormflow. These results suggest that pipes and fractures are important flow paths to rapidly release stored water and highlight the value of within‐event resolution hydrochemical data to assess the full range and dynamics of flow paths.     

An advanced data collection procedure in bivariate drought frequency analysis

In recent years, the bivariate frequency analysis of drought duration and severity using independent drought events and copula functions has been under extensive application. Meanwhile, emphasis on the procedure of independent drought data collection leads to the omission of the actual potential of short-term extreme droughts within a long-term independent drought. However, a long-term individual continuous drought as an Unconnected Drought Runs can be considered as a combination of short-term Connected Drought Runs. Thus, an advanced and new procedure of data collection in the bivariate drought characteristics analysis has been developed in this study. The results indicated a high relative advantage of the new proposed procedure in analysing bivariate drought characteristics (i.e., drought duration and severity frequency analysis). This advantage has been reflected in the more appropriate determination of the best copula and significant reduction in the uncertainty of bivariate drought frequency analysis.     

Nitrogen and Oxygen Isotope Balance in Tropospheric N2O—An Improved Budget

In steady state the stable isotopic composition of nitrogen and oxygen in tropospheric N2O is balanced by isotopically light N2O emitted from soils and oceans and isotopically heavy N2O as a return flux from the stratosphere.However,no such balance was reached in calculations given by Kim and Caig(1993).Modifications have been made on their calculations based on the most recent reports on annual global emission of N2O.It is considered that the nitrogen and oxygen isotope budget in tropospheric N2O are approximately in balance if isotopic fractionation effects during the production of N2O in soils and furthermore this paper puts forward further evidence for validating the above results.     

长江中游地区江湖综合整治环境地质研究

１９９８年洪水险恶,江湖沿岸险象环生,显示出大堤加高与洪水位上升矛盾已发展到激化的程度．从追踪分析一江（长江）两湖（江汉湖群、洞庭湖）关系演变和下荆江蜿蜒性河道演变规律入手,探讨并提出了顺应自然规律,实施荆北人工分流、退田还湖、闸住“三口”、协调发展、江湖两利的综合整治系统工程．     

下套管失返性漏失正注反挤置换法工艺技术

柳杨堡气田水平井二开下套管基本上都会出现失返性漏失,主要表现在下套管过程中虽然采取分段循环措施,仍然会在下至2800～3100 m井段出现不返浆。现场采取套管直接下入井底,然后应用正注反挤置换法沟通建立正常循环,保证正常固井,有效解决了套管固井井漏施工难题,同时为在其他区块解决类似情况探索了一套工艺技术。