Groundwater composition and recharge origin in the shallow aquifer of the Djerid oases,southern Tunisia: implications of return flow

Abstract

Major ions and stable isotopes in groundwaters of the Plio-Quaternary shallow aquifer of the Djerid oases, southern Tunisia, were investigated to elucidate the origin of groundwater recharge and the mineralization processes. It has been demonstrated that the groundwater composition is mainly controlled by the water–rock interaction, the encroachment of brines from the Chotts and the return flow of irrigation waters. The isotopically depleted groundwater samples suggest that the recharge waters derive from an old palaeoclimatic origin. However, the enriched groundwater samples reflect the presence of evaporated recharge water. Furthermore, the large negative deuterium-excess values indicate the effect of secondary evaporation processes, probably related to the return flow of irrigation waters pumped from the underlying aquifer.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor E. Custodio

Citation Tarki, M., Dassi, L. and Jedoui, Y., 2012. Groundwater composition and recharge origin in the shallow aquifer of the Djerid oases, southern Tunisia: implications of return flow. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (4), 790–804.     

架空线路雷电感应过电压估算与分析

根据雷击时雷电电磁场作用于架空线路的特点,通过建立计算模型推导出雷击点距架空线路任意位置的雷电感应过电压估算公式,对架空线路高度、架空线路距雷击点距离、架空线路旁被雷击物体的高度,以及上升先导长度等各类参数对雷电感应过电压的影响进行了分析,研究了与DL/T620-1997＂交流电器装置的过电压保护和绝缘配合＂标准中架空线路上的雷电过电压估算公式的关系,试图为建筑物内电子和电气设备损坏的原因进行定量分析以及更好地进行线路上的雷电防护设计提供帮助。     

闪电通道垂直假定引起回击辐射场峰值计算误差分析

利用高速摄像系统观测的闪电通道和利用分形方法模拟的闪电通道,分析了通道的垂直假定对回击辐射场峰值计算的影响。结果表明,回击电磁场随方位角的变化非常明显,在距闪电通道几百米距离,误差可达2倍;在1km处,闪电通道的垂直假定对时域回击辐射场峰值计算的相对误差最大为50%左右,平均小于10%。随距离的增加,误差逐渐减小。     

Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for Bangalore

This article presents the results of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) for Bangalore, South India. Analyses have been carried out considering the seismotectonic parameters of the region covering a radius of 350 km keeping Bangalore as the center. Seismic hazard parameter ‘b’ has been evaluated considering the available earthquake data using (1) Gutenberg–Richter (G–R) relationship and (2) Kijko and Sellevoll (1989, 1992) method utilizing extreme and complete catalogs. The ‘b’ parameter was estimated to be 0.62 to 0.98 from G–R relation and 0.87 ± 0.03 from Kijko and Sellevoll method. The results obtained are a little higher than the ‘b’ values published earlier for southern India. Further, probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for Bangalore region has been carried out considering six seismogenic sources. From the analysis, mean annual rate of exceedance and cumulative probability hazard curve for peak ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral acceleration (Sa) have been generated. The quantified hazard values in terms of the rock level peak ground acceleration (PGA) are mapped for 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years on a grid size of 0.5 km × 0.5 km. In addition, Uniform Hazard Response Spectrum (UHRS) at rock level is also developed for the 5% damping corresponding to 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) value of 0.121 g obtained from the present investigation is slightly lower (but comparable) than the PGA values obtained from the deterministic seismic hazard analysis (DSHA) for the same area. However, the PGA value obtained in the current investigation is higher than PGA values reported in the global seismic hazard assessment program (GSHAP) maps of Bhatia et al. (1999) for the shield area.     

Sample return of interstellar matter (SARIM)

The scientific community has expressed strong interest to re-fly Stardust-like missions with improved instrumentation. We propose a new mission concept, SARIM, that collects interstellar and interplanetary dust particles and returns them to Earth. SARIM is optimised for the collection and discrimination of interstellar dust grains. Improved active dust collectors on-board allow us to perform in-situ determination of individual dust impacts and their impact location. This will provide important constraints for subsequent laboratory analysis. The SARIM spacecraft will be placed at the L2 libration point of the Sun–Earth system, outside the Earth’s debris belts and inside the solar-wind charging environment. SARIM is three-axes stabilised and collects interstellar grains between July and October when the relative encounter speeds with interstellar dust grains are lowest (4 to 20 km/s). During a 3-year dust collection period several hundred interstellar and several thousand interplanetary grains will be collected by a total sensitive area of 1 m². At the end of the collection phase seven collector modules are stored and sealed in a MIRKA-type sample return capsule. SARIM will return the capsule containing the stardust to Earth to allow for an extraction and investigation of interstellar samples by latest laboratory technologies.     

滨海城市雨潮遭遇联合分布模拟与设计

滨海城市河流常常遭受暴雨和潮汐顶托双重影响导致洪涝灾害,需要重视雨潮遭遇联合分布模拟与设计。以深圳市西乡河为例,采用年最大值法（AM）和超定量序列法（POT）两种选样方法,基于Copula方法模拟24 h暴雨遭遇日高潮位的联合分布特征,对比雨潮遭遇传统重现期和二次重现期差异,根据同频法和权函数法反推计算雨潮设计组合值。结果表明:雨潮边缘分布最优模型均为广义正态分布（GNO）,不同选样方法雨量分布模型参数差异明显。雨潮之间呈现较弱的正相依性,Archimedean Copulas均能较好地模拟雨潮遭遇联合分布特征,最优模型为Gumbel-Hougaard Copula。同频法反推雨潮设计组合值,二次重现期雨量和潮位均大于传统联合重现期,POT选样的潮位大于AM。权函数法选出的雨潮设计组合值,偏重于较高的潮位,雨量设计值较小。当明确了选样方法、联合分布模型和重现期类型,给定联合重现期的雨潮设计组合值是个此消彼长的过程,若选择较大的雨量设计值,则潮位值变小,反之亦然。从防洪潮设计安全角度考虑,POT选样方法及二次重现期设计更为安全。     

Implicit integration of simple breakage constitutive model for crushable granular materials: A numerical test

In the context of the recently developed breakage mechanics that is based on thermodynamics principles, this paper presents a mathematical modelling procedure to implement the simple (i.e., linear elastoplastic) breakage constitutive model using finite element analysis (FEA) with illustrations by engineering applications. More informative mathematical derivation procedures of energy dissipations, plastic potential, yield function and non-associated flow rules are presented. In contrast, the existing relevant publications often lack sufficient elaboration, leaving knowledge gaps in the full understanding the model. This is followed by a series of numerical simulations in ABAQUS to test the model at the constitutive level. Various isotropic and triaxial shear tests in drained or undrained conditions are tested to illustrate the key features of the breakage model, which seem to be overlooked in the literature. Finally, a few numerical results are compared with experimental shear tests to demonstrate the ability of the simple breakage model in reflecting mechanical responses of crushable granular aggregates.     

北京地区主要气象要素与冬季供暖关系研究

为了分析气象要素与供暖之间的关系,选取北京市观象台2009年供暖季期间日平均气温、相对湿度、日总辐射量、日平均风向和风速作为气象因子,将北京市海园物业供热单位的供、回水温度和供回水温度差代表供暖温度,进行了相关分析。结果表明,日平均气温与供、回水温度呈明显的负相关,分别达到-0.75和-0.62。日平均湿度与其的负相关次之,分别为-0.41和-0.47,日平均风速与上述供、回水温度的相关性较小。同时分析了各气象要素日平均值与供、回水温度及供回水温度差之间的对应关系,制定了各气象要素日平均值所对应的供、回水温度及其供回水温度差的表。利用各日平均气象要素的供回水温度调节运行作业表,各供暖单位可以根据不同天气条件直接定量控制供热量或下达供、回水温度指令。     

闪电电场变化波形时域特征分析及放电类型识别

对闪电电场变化波形进行时域特征分析,研究闪电放电类型识别方法,是闪电探测系统研制工作的重要组成部分.利用闪电快电场变化资料,研究分析闪电波形的时域特征,分别统计负地闪回击和双极性窄脉冲波形的上升时间、下降时间、脉冲宽度等多个特征参数,得出负地闪回击波形上升时间平均值为2.9μs、下降时间平均值为89μs、脉冲宽度平均值为15.4μs,而双极性窄脉冲波形的上升时间平均值为1.7μs、下降时间平均值为2.1μs、脉冲宽度平均值为2.4μs.通过对闪电波形参数的统计分析,给出了不同放电过程的识别判据,实现了对地闪回击、双极性窄脉冲的自动识别,并利用实测数据进行了验证.结果表明,制定的波形识别判据对负地闪回击的识别效率可达到90%,对正地闪回击与双极性窄脉冲事件也有较高的识别率.     

云南2008年冰冻灾害评估

用1959—2006年和2008年云南东部48站的资料,对2008年1月14日至2月28日出现在云南造成重大经济损失和人员伤亡的冰冻灾害进行气温、降水等致灾因子的评估,并以冰冻天数为主,过程平均最低气温为辅构建了冰冻评估综合指数,基于模糊信息分配理论和右侧概率极值再现期技术方法对这次冰冻灾害进行了综合评估。结果表明,2008年云南东部平均最高气温比多年同期偏低4.7℃,打破了有气象记录以来的历史最低纪录,平均气温比多年同期偏低2.5℃,是有气象记录以来的历史次小值;阴天日数比多年同期偏多10.3 d,偏多90%,打破了有气象记录以来的最多纪录;降水日数比多年同期偏多8.7 d,偏多74%,是有气象记录以来的历史次多值;2008年1月14日至2月28日云南省出现的冰冻灾害强度指数值打破了有气象记录以来历史同期最大纪录,是同期100年一遇的特大冰冻灾害;冰冻灾害强度指数值是云南冬季有气象记录以来的历史次大值,是冬季50年一遇的特大冰冻灾害。