电源电缆雷电感应电压特征分析

通过开展自动气象站雷电防护试验,测量并量化分析了自然闪电条件下电源电缆的感应电压,探讨和分析了闪电事件中不同埋设条件下电源电缆感应电压的特点和规律。结果表明：土壤对闪电事件回击阶段的雷电电磁脉冲具有明显的屏蔽作用。对同一次自然闪电,相对于埋设在地面的电源电缆,埋设在地下05 m处的电源电缆上感应电压脉冲波形峰峰值为522%。在选取的起始脉冲时间段内,感应电压均呈衰减振荡波形。通过频谱分析,相对于地面电源电缆,埋地电源电缆感应电压频谱在50 kHz～5 MHz的频段范围内频率分量的幅值始终较低,且保持了适当的比例,其中在9055 kHz～1535 MHz的频段幅值降低得尤为明显。     

基于回复电压法的ZnO压敏电阻冲击老化诊断

针对如何准确诊断ZnO压敏电阻老化的问题,提出了一种新的诊断方法——回复电压法,通过对ZnO压敏电阻试样进行不同程度的冲击老化试验,并采用多种诊断方法对试样在冲击前后的老化状态进行测量,发现回复电压法同传统的压敏电压以及放电残压变化率法所得的结论相吻合,且回复电压法的主要参数回复电压最大值以及中心时间常数在冲击后呈现下降趋势,这与SEM电镜扫描试验得出的压敏电阻晶粒平均尺寸下降,电导率上升的结论相一致,进一步证明了回复电压法诊断的及时有效性,这对提高ZnO压敏电阻的老化诊断准确度具有一定的参考价值。     

衬度返回法在平抑地球化学系统偏倚中应用

在进行1∶10万、1∶25万、1∶50万或更小比例尺地球化学编图时,由于分析单位和工作时间不同,不同的1∶5万、1∶20万图幅间或同图幅不同批次间的化探数据常存在着系统偏倚。因此,编图前必须进行系统偏倚平抑。目前,系统偏倚平抑方法有衬度变换法、平差法、分幅标准化法、分区标准化法、基准单元系数法和边界极限原理法等。笔者在实际工作中,通过反复试验确认＂衬度返回法＂是图幅间或批次间系统偏倚平抑的一种实用且有效的方法。     

Predicting return periods of hydrological droughts using the Pearson 3 distribution: a case from rivers in the Canadian prairies

Abstract

The standardized series of monthly and weekly flow sequences, referred to as standardized hydrological index (SHI) series, from five rivers in the Canadian prairies were subjected to return period (T_r) analysis of drought length (L). The SHI series were truncated at drought probability levels q ranging from 0.5 to 0.05 with the intention of deducing drought events and corresponding drought lengths. The values of L were fitted to the Pearson 3, the gamma (2-parameter), the exponential (1-parameter), the Weibull 3 and the Weibull (2-parameter) probability density functions (pdfs). A priori assignment of one week or one month for the location parameter in the Pearson 3 pdf proved logical and also facilitated the rapid estimation of other parameters using either the method of moments or the method of maximum likelihood. The Pearson 3 turns out to be the most suitable pdf to describe and to estimate return periods of drought lengths. At the monthly and weekly time scales, it was inferred that the sample size (T, months or weeks) of SHI series could be treated equivalent to the return period of the largest recorded drought length. At the annual time scale, however, the sample size (T, years) should be modified using either the Hazen or the Gringorten plotting position formula to reflect the actual return period of the largest recorded drought length in years.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor E. Gargouri     

Seismic response evaluation of the linked column frame system

The linked column frame (LCF) system is proposed as a seismic load resisting system that uses conventional components to limit seismic damage to relatively easily replaced elements. The LCF features a primary lateral system, denoted the linked column, which is made up of dual columns connected with replaceable links, and a secondary flexible moment frame system with beams having fully restrained connections at one end and simple connections at the other. The linked columns are designed to limit seismic forces and provide energy dissipation via link yielding, while preventing damage to the moment frame under certain earthquake hazard levels. A design procedure is proposed that ensures plastic hinges develop in the links of the linked columns at a significantly lower story drift than when plastic hinges develop in the moment frame beams. The large drift difference helps enable design of this system for two distinct performance states: rapid return to occupancy, where only link damage occurs and relatively simple link replacement is possible, and collapse prevention, where both the links and the beams of the moment frame may be damaged. A series of 3‐story, 6‐story, and 9‐story prototype LCF buildings were designed using the proposed design approach. Nonlinear models were developed for the designs with the link models validated using recent experimental results. The seismic response of these systems was investigated for ground motions representing various seismic hazard levels. Results show that the LCF system not only provides collapse prevention, but also has the capability of limiting economic loss by reducing structural damage and allowing for rapid return to occupancy following earthquakes with shorter return periods. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flood-hazard assessment and risk-based zoning of a tropical flood plain: case study of the Yom River,Thailand

Abstract

This study contributes to the comprehensive assessment of flood hazard and risk for the Phrae flood plain of the Yom River basin in northern Thailand. The study was carried out using a hydrologic–hydrodynamic model in conjunction with a geographic information system (GIS). The model was calibrated and verified using the observed rainfall and river flood data during flood seasons in 1994 and 2001, respectively. Flooding scenarios were evaluated in terms of flooding depth for events of 25-, 50-, 100- and 200-year return periods. An impact-based hazard estimation technique was applied to assess the degree of hazard across the flood plain. The results showed that 78% of the Phrae flood-plain area of 476 km² in the upper Yom River basin lies in the hazard zone of the 100-year return-period flood. Risk analyses were performed by incorporating flood hazard and the vulnerability of elements at risk. Based on relative magnitude of risk, flood-prone areas were divided into low-, moderate-, high- and severe-risk zones. For the 100-year return-period flood, the risk-free area was found to be 22% of the total flood plain, while areas under low, medium, high and severe risk were 33, 11, 28 and 6%, respectively. The outcomes are consistent with overall property damage recorded in the past. The study identifies risk areas for priority-based flood management, which is crucial when there is a limited budget to protect the entire risk zone simultaneously.

Citation Tingsanchali, T. & Karim, F. (2010) Flood-hazard assessment and risk-based zoning of a tropical flood plain: case study of the Yom River, Thailand. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(2), 145–161.     

海洋重现期波高统一化计算方法

重现期波高是港口海岸及海洋工程设计中不可回避的一个重要设计参数,尤其对深水海港、海上平台、海底油气管道、沿海核电站等重大涉海工程设计具有巨大的经济价值和深远的社会效益。但是,现有重现期波高推算缺乏统一的计算方法,导致计算结果相差悬殊。研究重现期波高的统一化计算方法,分析重现期波高计算中存在的各种不确定因素,提出减少这些不确定因素的新方法,建立误差小、应用方便、方法统一的重现期波高计算方法。基于澳大利亚悉尼站的长期连续观测波浪数据,研究发现:广义帕累托函数(generalized Pareto distribution III,GPD-III)和威布尔(Weibull)是重现期波高计算的最佳候选极值分布函数,新推导的函数形状参数计算公式较好提高重现期波高的计算精度,极值波高数据的分析方法和样本大小是影响重现期波高计算精确度的两个重要因素,短期波浪资料和年极值法可能高估重现期波高值。逐个风暴的极值波高数据分析法及最佳候选极值分布函数GPD-III和Weibull建议应用于涉海工程设计的重现期波高推算。     

Combined influences of irrigation diversions and associated subsurface return flows on river temperature in a semi-arid region

Irrigation activities alter water distribution and storage in arid and semi-arid regions worldwide. The removal of water from streams can drastically impact instream flows. However, irrigation water conveyance and application onto fields can create surface and subsurface hydrologic connections, or lateral inflows, that return some of this diverted water back to streams. Prior research has shown the impact of surface water diversions from streams on downstream warming that increases stress on aquatic species. However, the combined effects of flow depletion and irrigation-enhanced lateral inflows on stream temperature and river ecosystems remains poorly studied. To further understand these relationships, we combined intensive field monitoring over three irrigation seasons and thermal aerial imagery to identify irrigation-enhanced subsurface lateral inflow locations and evaluate their effects on stream flow and temperature patterns over a 2.5-km highly depleted study reach. Considering variable hydrology, weather, flow diversions, channel geometry and lateral inflows, we found irrigation-enhanced lateral inflows were the likely explanation for buffered longitudinal and diel warming patterns that prevented stressful or lethal thermal conditions for brown trout. These localized temperature effects were more pronounced in drier years, under high diversion rates and during high solar radiation intensity. We also found that lateral inflows corresponded with greater spatial variability of stream temperatures and potential thermal refugia. Study results illustrate the potential ecological consequences of reducing irrigation-enhanced lateral inflows and highlight the importance of hydrologic monitoring in irrigated arid river valleys. The role and preservation of these lateral inflows should be considered in water resources management related to irrigation efficiency and environmental flows.     

新一代天气雷达回波强度异常分析与处理方法

根据新一代天气雷达回波强度在线定标修正原理,结合新一代天气雷达(CINRAD/要SA和SB)回波强度接收和定标及发射功率在线测量信号流程,对雷达回波强度出现的异常现象进行了详细分类和分析,总结提出了新一代天气雷达回波强度偏强、偏弱、回波面积减少等异常问题的分析思路和处理方法,列举了有效解决雷达回波强度异常故障的案例.结果表明:采用这种方法能提高处理新一代天气雷达回波强度异常故障的时效性和可靠性.