Implicit numerical integration for a kinematic hardening soil plasticity model

Soil models based on kinematic hardening together with elements of bounding surface plasticity, provide a means of introducing some memory of recent history and stiffness variation in the predicted response of soils. Such models provide an improvement on simple elasto‐plastic models in describing soil behaviour under non‐monotonic loading. Routine use of such models requires robust numerical integration schemes. Explicit integration of highly non‐linear models requires extremely small steps in order to guarantee convergence. Here, a fully implicit scheme is presented for a simple kinematic hardening extension of the Cam clay soil model. The algorithm is based on the operator split methodology and the implicit Euler backward integration scheme is proposed to integrate the rate form of the constitutive relations. This algorithm maintains a quadratic rate of asymptotic convergence when used with a Newton–Raphson iterative procedure. Various strain‐driven axisymmetric triaxial paths are simulated in order to demonstrate the efficiency and good performance of the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水资源计算评价中的两点质疑

河水基流量是地下水资源量,应从地表水径流量中扣除.灌溉水回渗补给地下水量已转化为地下水,具有二次开发利用的功能,应包括在总水资源中,不应将其视为重复量,从总水资源中扣除.     

渤海埕北海域风暴潮多年一遇极值增水的数值计算

利用一个二维正压浅海模型和大小区嵌套式的计算格式,对埕北海域及其附近连续20a的风暴潮进行了数值模拟,并获得了与实测值较为一致的结果.在此基础上对该海区的风暴潮极值增水做出了多年一遇的长期预测.     

An improved return‐map stress update algorithm for finite deformation analysis of general isotropic elastoplastic geomaterials

This paper develops a novel return mapping algorithm for the numerical integration of general isotropic finite strain elastoplastic constitutive models for geomaterials. The constitutive formulation is founded on multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient. The logarithmic strain measure as well as the exponential approximation of the plastic flow rule is utilized to restore the standard infinitesimal format return mapping algorithm. Central to the algorithm is the exploitation of a set of three mutually orthogonal unit base tensors for the representation of constitutive relations and the corresponding integration of the rate form of the constitutive equations. The base tensors constitute a local cylindrical coordinate system in the principal space, which allows to formulate the return mapping algorithm in the three‐dimensional space and reduce the dimension of the problem to be analyzed from six down to three. With the proposed approach, direct determination of the principal axes and the transformation procedure between the general space and the principal space, as required in traditional spectral decomposition, are avoided. Furthermore, the matrices that are involved in the inversion evaluation take simple forms, leading to extremely easy inverse computation. As a result, the consistent tangent operator can be streamlined into a form simpler and more compact than those by conventional integration methods. Following the formulation of the integration procedure, a numerical experiment is performed to assess the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Changes to flood peaks of a mountain river: implications for analysis of the 2013 flood in the Upper Bow River,Canada

The mountain headwater Bow River at Banff, Alberta, Canada, was subject to a large flood in June 2013, over which considerable debate has ensued regarding its probability of occurrence. It is therefore instructive to consider what information long‐term streamflow discharge records provide about environmental change in the Upper Bow River basin above Banff. Though protected as part of Banff National Park, since 1885, the basin has experienced considerable climate and land cover changes, each of which has the potential to impact observations, and hence the interpretations of flood probability. The Bow River at Banff hydrometric station is one of Canada's longest‐operating reference hydrological basin network stations and so has great value for assessing changes in flow regime over time. Furthermore, the station measures a river that provides an extremely important water supply for Calgary and irrigation district downstream and so is of great interest for assessing regional water security. These records were examined for changes in several flood attributes and to determine whether flow changes may have been related to landscape change within the basin as caused by forest fires, conversion from grasslands to forest with fire suppression, and regional climate variations and/or trends. Floods in the Upper Bow River are generated by both snowmelt and rain‐on‐snow (ROS) events, the latter type which include flood events generated by spatially and temporally large storms such as occurred in 2013. The two types of floods also have different frequency characteristics. Snowmelt and ROS flood attributes were not correlated significantly with any climate index or with burned area except that snowmelt event duration correlated negatively to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. While there is a significant negative trend in all floods over the past 100 years, when separated based on generating process, neither snowmelt floods nor large ROS floods associated with mesoscale storms show any trends over time. Despite extensive changes to the landscape of the basin and in within the climate system, the flood regime remains unchanged, something identified at smaller scales in the region but never at larger scales. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于多元分布函数的区域洪水频率分析

极端洪水事件的频率分析往往局限于单个站点,当研究区域内包含多个水文站点时,单变量频率分析方法,会导致低估或高估洪灾风险率。因此,需要进行区域频率分析。传统区域重现期计算方法,同一重现期对应多种设计洪水组合,而基于Kendall分布函数的重现期计算方法(KRP)有效的解决了这一问题。故本文引入三维非对称Copula分布函数拟合区域内各个站点年最大流量的相关关系,利用半参数法估计Copula函数的参数,并采用KRP推求区域洪水发生的重现期。结果表明:区域发生T年一遇的洪水概率远远大于单个站点发生T年一遇的洪水概率;KRP克服了实测序列较短的问题,且能准确估算洪水重现期。本研究为防洪部门制定防洪措施提供一定的科学依据。     

北海市矿产资源开发与环境保护问题

文章分析了北海市矿产资源开发现状和产生的环境问题 ,提出了减轻矿业开发对土地和环境负面影响的对策措施 ,倡导土地和矿产资源的统一管理以加强矿山环境保护工作。     

Bivariate frequency analysis: discussion of some useful concepts in hydrological application

Basic concepts such as conditional probability distributions, conditional return periods, and joint return periods are important to understand and to interpret multivariate hydrological events such as floods and storms. However, these concepts are not well documented in the open literature. This paper assembles and clarifies these concepts, and illustrates their practical utility. Relationships between joint return periods and univariate return periods are also derived. These concepts and relationships are demonstrated by applying a bivariate extreme value distribution to represent the joint distribution of flood peak and volume from an actual basin. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Design event selection in bivariate hydrological frequency analysis

Abstract

In the bivariate analysis of hydrological events, such as rainfall storms or flood hydrographs, the choice of an appropriate return period for structure design leads to infinite combinations of values of the related random variables (e.g. peak and volume in the analysis of floods). These combinations are generally not equivalent, from a practical point of view. In this paper, a methodology is proposed to identify a subset of the critical combinations set that includes a fixed and arbitrarily chosen percentage in probability of the events, on the basis of their probability of occurrence. Therefore, several combinations can be selected within the subset, taking into account the specific characteristic of the design problem, in order to evaluate the effects of different hydrological loads on a structure. The proposed method is applicable to any type of bivariate distribution, thus providing a simple but effective rule to narrow down the infinite possible choices for the hydrological design variables. In order to illustrate how the proposed methodology can be easily used in practice, it is applied to a study case in the context of bivariate flood frequency analysis.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor Sheng Yue

Citation Volpi, E. and Fiori, A., 2012. Design event selection in bivariate hydrological frequency analysis. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (8), 1506–1515.     

不同条件下水文要素重现期的计算方法

重现期在工程规划、设计、运行和管理中已经得到了广泛应用,然而,由于气候变化和人类活动破坏了水文频率分析中的一致性基础,致使基于一致性的重现期计算方法面临挑战,迫切需要研究新的重现期计算方法。以重现期两种不同的定义入手,给出了在水文系列满足独立性假定后重现期在一致性与非一致性条件下各自计算公式,并以广东省东江流域龙川站1956~2009年的年最大洪峰资料系列为例,分析了不同条件下重现期及其变化的特点与原因。