Groundwater and surface water interactions in an alluvial plain, Tuul River Basin, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Drinking water supplies in Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia, are completely dependent on groundwater sourced from pumping wells located in an alluvial plain of the Tuul River which flows through Ulaanbaatar. The interaction between groundwater in the alluvial plain and river surface water was investigated using a hydrological and multi-tracers approach. The observed groundwater contour map clearly shows that the Tuul River recharges the floodplain groundwater and groundwater flows from east to west. The similarity of chemical and stable isotopic compositions suggests that groundwater is mainly recharged by Tuul River water in the vicinity of the river. In addition, considering groundwater contours and chemical composition, groundwater in the northern and southern mountain sides contribute to floodplain groundwater. Stable isotopic information suggests that winter season precipitation also contributes to the groundwater, because groundwater in a specific region has a considerably lower isotopic ratio. Using the End Member Mixing Analysis applying oxygen-18, SiO₂ and HCO₃ ^- as tracers, the contribution ratios of the Tuul River, groundwater in the northern and southern mountain regions, and winter season precipitation to floodplain groundwater are estimated to be 58% to 85%, 1% to 54%, 0% to 16%, and 0% to 12%, respectively.     

模型预测多次波衰减技术及其在莺歌海地区的应用

莺歌海盆地是中国海域新生代主要含油气盆地之一。盆地内超压沉积现象分布广泛,超温超压现象普遍。由于超温超压现象的存在,导致其多次波与有效波在速度上更接近,衰减难度更大。通过合理利用基于波动理论的多次波建模方法并组合其他方法有效衰减了浅水多次波。莺歌海地区的应用实例证明了该方法的有效性,不仅较好地衰减了多次波,提高资料信噪比,同时提高了地震数据的分辨率,改善了资料的波组特征。     

Analyzing Population Density Disparity in China with GIS-automated Regionalization: The Hu Line Revisited

The famous ’Hu Line’, proposed by Hu Huanyong in 1935, divided China into two regions(southeast and northwest) of comparable area size but drastically different in population. However, the classic Hu Line was derived manually in absence of reliable census data and computational technologies of modern days. It has been subject to criticism of lack of scientific rigor and accuracy. This research uses a GIS-automated regionalization method, termed REDCAP(Regionalization with Dynamically Constrained Agglomerative Clustering and Partitioning), to reconstruct the demarcation line based on the 2010 county-level census data in China. The results show that the logarithmic transformation of population density is a better measure of attributive homogeneity in derived regions than density itself, and produces two regions of nearly identical area size and greater contrast in population. Specifically, the revised Hu Line by Hu Huanyong in 1990 had the southeast region with 94.4% of total population and 42.9% of total land, and our delineation line yields a southeast region with 97.4% population and 50.8% land. Therefore, the population density ratio of the two regions is 27.1 by our line, much higher than the ratio of 22.4 by the Hu Line, and thus outperforms the Hu Line in deriving regions of maximum density contrast with comparable area size. Furthermore, more regions are delineated to further advance our understanding of population distribution disparity in China.     

主成分分析和熵值法相结合的水质综合评价模型及其在郑州市金水河的应用

水质评价对决策者决定水的使用功效尤为重要。水质综合评价系统中涉及到大量因子与指标,因子之间相互作用,致使水质的评价工作相对困难。主成分分析法可以消除因子间的相关性,因而被广泛应用于水质评价,但其忽略了数据离散程度的问题。熵值法则考虑了数据的离散特点。为更好地进行水质的综合评价,本文提出把主成分分析法和熵值法结合起来确定指标权重的方法,建立了水质评价模型,并采用该模型对郑州市金水河再生水2009年的水质情况进行评价,将评价结果与单独采用主成分分析或熵值法的结果进行了比较。结果表明了该方法的可行性与实用性,能够为非常规水资源利用提供理论依据和决策参考。     

乌鲁木齐河灌区水资源利用及可持续管理

通过对乌鲁木齐河灌区历年供水和用水状况分析,提出了该灌区水资源可持续利用的对策,并针对城市用水逐年增加与水资源供需矛盾日益突出的形势,从水份分析入手,从水资源可持续管理的角度,提出了水资源高效利用与管理的对策 。     

快速城市化进程中的太湖水环境保护:困境与出路

太湖流域经济发达、城市化水平高,伴随着城市化过程的各种环境问题十分突出。城市化过程对太湖水环境质量的负面影响主要表现在生活污水排放量增加、人畜粪便对水污染的程度加剧、化学肥料施用量增加、非点源污染负荷增加以及自然景观对污染物的去除能力降低等方面,由此导致的营养盐入湖量增加将严重制约太湖水质的改善。充分认识并努力减轻这些负面影响是改善太湖水环境质量的前提,在分析问题的基础上提出了一些针对性的应对策略。     

Characteristics of water exchange in the Luzon Strait during September 2006

The Luzon Strait is the only deep channel that connects the South China Sea(SCS) with the Pacific.The transport through the Luzon Strait is an important process influencing the circulation,heat and water budgets of the SCS.Early observations have suggested that water enters the SCS in winter but water inflow or outflow in summer is quite controversial.On the basis of hydrographic measurements from CTD along 120° E in the Luzon Strait during the period from September 18 to 20 in 2006,the characteristics of t...     

官厅水库近三十年的水质演变时序特征

基于过去的研究成果,综述了官厅水库近三十年来的水质演变过程,分阶段探讨了官厅水库水污染的来源和特征。与此同时,从污染物的角度探讨了官厅水库典型污染物的时空变化规律。研究结果表明,官厅水库的水质演变先后经历了四个阶段,依次为1972～1975年以有机毒物和重金属污染为特征的水体污染,1981～1992年以有机污染为主体的水体再污染,1992～1995年增加了大肠杆菌污染的水体复合污染,以及1996年至今以氮磷污染为明显特征的水体有机复合污染。从主要污染物的时间变化上看,库区COD和主要重金属含量均在缓慢上升,挥发酚的含量呈现波动趋势,氨氮和总磷的含量持续大幅度上升。污染物在库区的空间分布规律相似,入库处污染物浓度明显高于出库处的污染物浓度。     

兰州市城区河道表层沉积物地球化学元素分布特征

通过对兰州市河道表层沉积物地球化学元素分析发现,兰州市河道表层沉积物41种地球化学元素富集因子多小于1,Cl、S、P、Bi、Cr、Cu、Pb、Sn、U、W、Zn富集因子值均大于2,显示了较高的污染水平。对单个采样点总富集因子的分析研究发现,R值均大于2,显示出较多的富集。其中水磨沟下游和鱼儿沟下游富集因子出现高值,显示出严重污染。元素来源研究结果显示,兰州市河道表层沉积物地球化学元素的来源可分为3类:①生活污水排放以及雨水对地面或街道的冲刷作用;②工业污染,包括冶金、电镀、农药和化肥等污水的排放;③本地土壤类型灰钙土中元素的贡献。通过粒度与元素相关性分析可知,元素P、Cl主要分布于细颗粒物质中,反映了兰州市河道表层沉积物污染物质在细颗粒中有较大量的富集。     

南坑河污染初步调查及河岸植物的富集能力

南坑河是新丰江的一条支流,直接汇入广东省最大的饮用水源地新丰江水库。野外调查中发现私自采矿和在河流沿岸洗矿等行为不断发生,大量洗矿废水未经处理直接注入南坑河,可能会造成污染。因此,采样初步分析了南坑河河水、河流底泥沉积物及附近优势植物的9种重金属元素含量。结果发现：与地表水II类标准相比,南坑河枯水期水体污染严重,其中连续2 a的铅、砷和汞超标,超标倍数分别为1.7~1.8、1.3~1.9和1.6~2.9倍,而底泥中铜、镉、铅、锌和砷均超标,超标倍数分别为4.8、9.0、3.9、4.3和10.9倍,镉和砷超标较为严重。另外,收集并鉴定了河岸或河漫滩中天然生长的15种植物,发现以蕨类植物和多年生禾草为主要类型。通过分析植物体内9种重金属元素含量,发现对砷吸附能力最强的当属蜈蚣草,其叶片中砷的含量（609.20 mg/kg）和茎干中砷的含量（814.77 mg/kg）均大于根部的砷含量（577.30 mg/kg）;蜈蚣草对铁、锰、铜和铅的吸附能力也远远大于其他河岸植物,可以作为良好地修复以砷为主的复合重金属污染土壤的富集植物。