Channel response to a dam-removal sediment pulse captured at high-temporal resolution using routine gage data

In this study, we captured how a river channel responds to a sediment pulse originating from a dam removal using multiple lines of evidence derived from streamflow gages along the Patapsco River, Maryland, USA. Gages captured characteristics of the sediment pulse, including travel times of its leading edge (~7.8 km yr⁻¹) and peak (~2.6 km yr⁻¹) and suggest both translation and increasing dispersion. The pulse also changed local hydraulics and energy conditions, increasing flow velocities and Froude number, due to bed fining, homogenization and/or slope adjustment. Immediately downstream of the dam, recovery to pre-pulse conditions occurred within the year, but farther downstream recovery was slower, with the tail of the sediment pulse working through the lower river by the end of the study 7 years later. The patterns and timing of channel change associated with the sediment pulse were not driven by large flow or suspended sediment-transporting events, with change mostly occurring during lower flows. This suggests pulse mobility was controlled by process-factors largely independent of high flow. In contrast, persistent changes occurred to out-of-channel flooding dynamics. Stage associated with flooding increased during the arrival of the sediment pulse, 1 to 2 years after dam removal, suggesting persistent sediment deposition at the channel margins and nearby floodplain. This resulted in National Weather Service-indicated flood stages being attained by 3–43% smaller discharges compared to earlier in the study period. This study captured a two-signal response from the sediment pulse: (1) short- to medium-term (weeks to months) translation and dispersion within the channel, resulting in aggradation and recovery of bed elevations and changing local hydraulics; and (2) dispersion and persistent longer-term (years) effects of sediment deposition on overbank surfaces. This study further demonstrated the utility of US Geological Survey gage data to quantify geomorphic change, increase temporal resolution, and provide insights into trajectories of change over varying spatial and temporal scales.     

Magnetic cleansing of weathered/tarry oiled feathers--the role of pre-conditioners

Iron powder has previously been demonstrated to be effective in the removal, via magnetic harvesting, of a wide variety of oil contaminants from feathers and plumage. This study investigates the efficacy of magnetic cleansing for the removal from feathers of tarry contamination that has been allowed to weather. Clusters of feathers from Mallard duck (Anas platyrhnchos) and Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor) were completely immersed in a tarry contaminant and allowed to weather from one to fourteen days. The contaminant was removed using a magnetic cleansing protocol and the removal efficacy assessed gravimetrically. For one, seven and fourteen days of weathering, a final removal (after fourteen treatments) of more than 99% and 97% was achieved for duck feathers and penguin feathers, respectively. Repeating the experiments (for a seven-day weathering period) for both duck and penguin feathers, with the judicious application of a pre-conditioner (olive oil), further improved removal efficacy. A convenient method to screen for improved pre-conditioning agents is suggested.     

Rejection of arsenic minerals in sulfide flotation — A literature review

Arsenic is one of the most dangerous inorganic pollutants and thus a penalty element in many base metal concentrates. Arsenic removal in sulphide flotation has been studied extensively with various approaches, including pre-oxidation of flotation pulp, E_h control during flotation and the use of selective depressants/collectors. Pre-oxidation of flotation pulp using oxidizing agents or aeration conditioning represents a simple approach in arsenic removal and was found effective in many cases. Selective flotation of arsenic minerals through E_h control has made significant advances in recent years with promising results achieved. In addition, various depressants and collectors have also been studied in arsenic removal. In this communication, the various approaches used in selective flotation of arsenic minerals are reviewed with emphasis on the development in recent years.     

海水浓度对生物接触氧化法处理废水的影响

研究了海水浓度对生物接触氧化法处理废水的影响。结果表明,在淡水中添加海水超过35％时,生物接触氧化法去除废水的化学耗氧量(COD)的效果随着海水浓度的增加而降低．添加海水10％～25％时,COD的去除效果好,25％时COD最高总去除率可达87．8％．处理效果几乎与纯淡水的对照组(COD总去除率88．6％)等同。     

基于GIS的泸水县易地扶贫搬迁安置地选择

易地扶贫搬迁是对生活在恶劣环境中的贫困人口采取的扶贫举措。泸水县尚有大量人口需要易地搬迁解决贫困问题,泸水县特殊的峡谷地理环境,使安置地的选择成为棘手的问题。将GIS技术应用于扶贫易地搬迁地选择中,可以方便地找出适宜的搬迁居住地,为当地政府易地安置提供决策参考依据。安置区的选择,主要考虑以下因子：交通便利、土地资源丰富、水源丰富、坡度较为平缓、海拔较低,避开地质灾害隐患点和自然保护区等。通过GIS技术,将上述因子图层叠加后找到适合的安置地。结果表明：泸水县难以找到成片的面积较大的安置区,安置区呈零星状分布在各个乡镇。     

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification conducted by Halomonas venusta MA-ZP17-13 under low temperature conditions

Nitrification is a key step in the global nitrogen cycle.Compared with autotrophic nitrification,heterotrophic nitrification remains poorly understood.In this study,Halomonas venusta MA-ZP17-13,isolated from seawater in shrimp aquaculture (Penaeus vannamei),could simultaneously undertake nitrification and denitrification.With the initial ammonium concentration at 100 mg/L,the maximum ammonium-nitrogen removal rate reached98.7%under the optimal conditions including C/N concentration ratio at 5.95,p H at 8.93,and Na Cl at 2.33%.The corresponding average removal rate was 1.37 mg/(L·h)(according to nitrogen) in 3 d at 11.2°C.By whole genome sequencing and analysis,nitrification-and denitrification-related genes were identified,including ammonia monooxygenase,nitrate reductase,nitrite reductase,nitric oxide dioxygenase and nitric oxide synthase;while no gene encoding hydroxylamine oxidase was identified,it implied the existence of a novel nitrification pathway from hydroxylamine to nitrate.These results indicate heterotrophic bacterium H.venusta MA-ZP17-13 can undertake simultaneous nitrification and denitrification at low temperature and has potential forNH_4~+-N/NH3-N removal in marine aquaculture systems.     

辐射特征支持下的城市高分影像阴影校正

大量城市建筑使得高分影像中含有许多阴影区。这些阴影区在土地利用分类、植被绿度调查等遥感应用中会较大地影响结果精度,降低数据使用效率并增加研究成本。基于同一地物阴影区与临近非阴影区反射率相等这一辐射特征关系,通过建立辐射传输方程,发展了一种新的城市高分遥感影像阴影校正方法 RERB(Reflectance Equality Relationship Based Method)。利用RERB对不同城市(北京和荷兰Enschede)不同高分多光谱影像(Geo Eye-1和Quick Bird)进行阴影校正,并对比分析其与被广泛采用的均值方差变换法MVT(Mean and Variance Transformation)的校正结果,通过定性和定量精度评价发现:(1)RERB能很好地将城市阴影区影像视觉特征(颜色、纹理、色调等)信息恢复到与非阴影区同一水平上;(2)RERB恢复后的阴影区具有丰富的细节信息且在视觉上与临近非阴影区具有良好的一致性;(3)RERB恢复后的城市柏油路面和水泥路面阴影区辐射信息具有较低的误差,可见光-近红外波段的平均误差分别为7%和9%。同时RERB能较好地恢复城市阴影区植被波谱特征信息。     

APPLICATION OF CLAYS TO REMOVAL OF RED TIDE ORGANISMS Ⅱ.COAGULATION OF DIFFERENT SPECIES OF RED TIDE ORGANISMS WITH MONTMORILLONITE AND EFFECT OF CLAY PRETREATMENT

Study on the coagulation of four species of red tide organisms(Nitzschia pungens,Skeletonema costatum,Prorocentrum minimum and Noctiluca scintillans)with montmorillonite,and the effect ofmontmorillonite pretreatment on the coagulation shows that the capability for montmorillonite to coagu-late with them is in the order:N.pungens>S.costatum>P.minimum>N.scintillans.Thecoagulation is discussed from the aspects of the structure,shape,size,movement,habit,etc.of differ-ent species and the results are explained theoretically.The experimental results also indicate that the treat-ment of montmorillonite with acid can enhance its coagulating capability.This is due to the fact that Al(OH_2)_6~(+3),exchanged from the clay lattice by hydrogen ion H~+,forms hydroxy-aluminum polymers on thesurface of the montmorillonite.The hydroxy-aluminum polymers positively charge and increase the positivecharacteristic of the clay surface,and also serves as a bridge between adjacent surfaces of particles.Thesetwo functions enhance