粤闽赣交界区波速比特征研究

根据多台和达法,利用广东、福建、江西三省数字地震观测记录对粤闽赣交界区及邻区波速比特征进行研究,获取了具有参考价值的结果：粤闽赣交界地区沿海一侧明显比内陆地区波速比要高;约在北纬24°,东经114°处,处走向北东方向上是波速变化比较明显的分界线,该分界线可能是由于地下两侧的岩石岩性不同造成的,或与该地区介质物理性质和化学性质存在变异关有,也可能与此地区地震应力场变化有一定关系。     

Yearly tropical cyclone potential impact index in China

A new composite index called the yearly tropical cyclone potential impact(YTCPI)is introduced.The relationship between YTCPI and activities of tropical cyclones(TCs)in China,disaster loss,and main ambient fields are investigated to show the potential of YTCPI as a new tool for short-term climate prediction of TCs.YTCPI can indicate TC activity and potential disaster loss.As correlation coefficients between YTCPI and frequency of landfalling TCs,the frequency of TCs traversing or forming inside a 24 h warning line in China from 1971 to 2010 are 0.58 and 0.56,respectively(both are at a statistically significant level,aboveα=0.001).Furthermore,three simple indexes are used to compare with YTCPI.They all have very close relationships with it,with correlation coefficients 0.75,0.82 and 0.78.For economic loss and YTCPI,the correlation coefficient is 0.57 for 1994–2009.Information on principal ambient fields(sea surface temperature,850 and 500 hPa geopotential heights)during the previous winter is reflected in the relationship with YTCPI.Spatial and temporal variabilities of ambient fields are extracted through empirical orthogonal function(EOF)analysis.Spatial distributions of correlation coefficient between YTCPI and ambient fields match the EOF main mode.Correlation coefficients between YTCPI and the EOF time array for the three ambient fields are 0.46,0.44 and 0.4,respectively,all statistically significant,aboveα=0.01.The YTCPI has the overall potential to be an improved prediction tool.     

Diagenetic fluid evolution and water-rock interaction model of carbonate cements in sandstone: An example from the reservoir sandstone of the Fourth Member of the Xujiahe Formation of the Xiaoquan-Fenggu area,Sichuan Province,China

Carbonate cement is the most abundant cement type in the Fourth Member of the Xujiahe Formation in the Xiaoquan-Fenggu area of the West Sichuan Depression. Here we use a systematic analysis of carbonate cement petrology, mineralogy, carbon and oxygen isotope ratios and enclosure homogenization temperatures to study the precipitation mechanism, pore fluid evolution, and distribution of different types of carbonate cement in reservoir sand in the study area. Crystalline calcite has relatively heavy carbon and oxygen isotope ratios(δ13C = 2.14‰, δ18O = -5.77‰), and was precipitated early. It was precipitated directly from supersaturated alkaline fluid under normal temperature and pressure conditions. At the time of precipitation, the fluid oxygen isotope ratio was very light, mainly showing the characteristics of a mixed meteoric water-seawater fluid(δ18O = -3‰), which shows that the fluid during precipitation was influenced by both meteoric water and seawater. The calcite cement that fills in the secondary pores has relatively lighter carbon and oxygen isotope ratios(δ13C = -2.36‰, δ18O = -15.68‰). This cement was precipitated late, mainly during the Middle and Late Jurassic. An important material source for this carbonate cement was the feldspar corrosion process that involved organic matter. The Ca2+, Fe3+ and Mg2+ ions released by the clay mineral transformation process were also important source materials. Because of water-rock interactions during the burial process, the oxygen isotope ratio of the fluid significantly increased during precipitation, by about 3‰. The dolomite cements in calcarenaceous sandstone that was precipitated during the Middle Jurassic have heavier carbon and oxygen isotope ratios, which are similar to those of carbonate debris in the sandstone(δ13C = 1.93‰, δ18O = -6.11‰), demonstrating that the two are from the same source that had a heavier oxygen isotope ratio(δ18O of about 2.2‰). The differences in fluid oxygen isotope ratios during cement precipitation reflect the influences of different water-rock interaction systems or different water-rock interaction strengths. This is the main reason why the sandstone containing many rigid particles(lithic quartz sandstone) has a relatively negative carbon isotope ratio and why the precipitation fluid in calcarenaceous sandstone has a relatively heavier oxygen isotope ratio.     

Effects of different gap filling methods and land surface energy balance closure on annual net ecosystem exchange in a semiarid area of China

Based on eddy covariance measurements over two kinds of land surfaces(a degraded grassland and a maize cropland)in a semiarid area of China in 2005 and 2008,the effects of different gap filling methods,energy balance closure and friction velocity threshold(u*)on annual net ecosystem exchange(NEE)were analyzed.Six gap filling methods,including mean diurnal variation(MDV),marginal distribution sampling(MDS),and nonlinear regressions method,were investigated by generating secondary datasets with four different artificial gap lengths(ranging in length from single half-hours to 12 consecutive days).The MDS generally showed a good overall performance especially for long gaps,with an annual sum bias error less than 5 g C m-2 yr-1.There was a large positive annual sum bias error for nonlinear regressions,indicating an overestimate on net ecosystem respiration.The offset in the annual sum NEE for four nonlinear regressions was from 8.0 to 30.8 g C m-2 yr-1.As soil water content was a limiting factor in the semiarid area,the nonlinear regressions considering both soil temperature and soil water content as controlling variables had a better performance than others.The performance of MDV was better in daytime than in nighttime,with an annual sum bias error falling between-2.6 and-13.4 g C m-2 yr-1.Overall,the accuracy of the gap filling method was dependent on the type of the land surface,gap length,and the time of day when the data gap occurred.The energy balance ratio for the two ecosystems was nearly 80%.Turbulent intensity had a large impact on energy balance ratio.Low energy balance ratio was observed under low friction velocity during the night.When there was a large fetch distance in a wind direction,a low energy balance ratio was caused by mismatch of the footprints between the available energy and turbulent fluxes.The effect of energy balance correction on CO2 flux was evaluated by assuming the imbalance caused by the underestimation of sensible heat flux and latent heat flux.The results showed an average increase of 10 g C m-2 yr-1 for annual NEE in both ecosystems with an energy balance correction.On the other hand,the u*threshold also have a large impact on annual sum NEE.Net carbon emission increased 37.5 g C m-2 yr-1 as u*threshold increased from 0.1 to 0.2 m s-1,indicating a large impact of imposing u*threshold on net ecosystem carbon exchange.     

台站运行率自动检测系统的应用和技术要点

地震监测台站的实时运行率是测震台网运行评比中一个重要的指标。本文就如何运用java定时器来实现台站运行率自动检测进行探讨,介绍了黑龙江省地震台网台站实时运行率自动检测系统的实现。     

高能量冲击作用下淤泥孔压特征规律试验研究

以往动力排水固结室内试验,通常冲击能量不够,很难激发软土某些工程响应,对应加固机制难以发现。通过可提供高冲击能的多向高能高速电磁力冲击智能控制试验系统,针对淤泥类超软土进行静动力排水固结模型试验,获得了淤泥孔压等响应特征：夯击瞬间（6 ms）上部孔压增长及下降时间非常短,且其重复性好;初始两遍夯击结束后中部孔压变化呈双峰型,其时间间隔随着夯击遍数增加而逐渐变大,最后不复存在;每遍夯击瞬时中部土压均出现急剧增长与快速减小,增长幅度随夯击遍数增加呈减小趋势,但每遍夯完后数天内土压值均大于夯前值;每遍夯击孔压消散后最终值都小于初始孔压,说明在一定的排水条件下,淤泥这类超软土地基确实可夯击;夯击后残余应力作用机制存在,且其对沉降起主要作用,而一定静力荷载的这种机制不明显;排水板插设扰动效应不可忽视,但该扰动效应随软土埋深增大而减少。     

滑坡变形空间评价的位移速率比方法研究

实测数据表明,松散土质斜坡和具有时效变形特征的岩质斜坡的滑坡变形往往具有蠕变特点,即从开始出现变形到最终失稳破坏一般需经历初始变形、等速变形和加速变形3个阶段。基于典型的滑坡累积位移-时间曲线特征,提出了采用位移速率比作为通用指标来判定滑坡上各点变形阶段的方法：多个连续时段均为等速变形即相邻位移速率比位于0～2之间时,认为进入等速变形阶段;当位移速率比大于2时,初步认为,其进入加速变形阶段。结合典型实例建立了位移速率比判定滑坡上各点变形阶段的判定标准：在滑坡位移速率比大于2之后,滑坡体进入加速变形阶段,对加速变形阶段可再作进一步细分：位移速率比为2～6时,为滑坡体的初加速阶段,为6～8时,滑坡体进入中加速阶段,大于8则为临滑阶段。基于地理信息系统（Geographic information system,简称GIS）平台,建立了滑坡变形空间评价的位移速率比方法,并对金坪子滑坡的空间变形状态进行了评价,验证了该方法的可行性和合理性。     

石碑塬滑坡黄土液化特征及其影响因素研究

石碑塬滑坡是1920年海原地震触发的大型黄土流滑,认识其破坏特征与发生机制对于黄土边坡长距离液化失稳机制的研究非常重要。对石碑塬黄土滑坡的调查和研究表明,饱和黄土或高含水率黄土具有很高的液化势和流态破坏势,在强震作用下,饱和黄土易发生液化或流滑。对石碑塬滑坡的7组原状黄土样品进行振动三轴剪切试验,并结合其微观特征分析,探讨了循环振动荷载作用下的饱和黄土孔隙水压力-应变增长模型,分析了振动液化过程中液化应力比与黄土粒度组成、土体微观结构参数及饱和度之间的关系。结果表明：黏粒含量越低,振动作用下饱和黄土孔隙水压力响应越快,液化应力比越低;黄土孔隙比越大,孔隙结构分形维数越大,液化应力比越低,振动液化后黄土孔隙分形维数降低,结构较液化之前更为致密;饱和度对黄土粒间胶结物质的赋存状态及黄土结构强度影响很大,同一土体饱和度越高,溶滤于孔隙水中的离子浓度越高,土体粒间接触点（或胶结点）越容易发生断裂,使得黄土结构强度降低,液化应力比降低。     

压入式沉井施工对环境影响的现场监测研究

结合工程实例,介绍软土中压入式沉井的施工技术并研究其对周边环境的影响。对沉井压沉过程中周边土体及管线的监测数据进行分析,结果表明：压沉施工能有效控制沉井的几何姿态,保持下沉速度稳定,但具有一定的挤土效应;沉井下沉初期挤土效应占主导地位,开挖效应随下沉深度的增加逐渐显著;土体水平位移和地表沉降均随沉井下沉深度H的增加而增大;地表沉降呈三角形分布,影响范围约为1.7H;土体分层沉降中,淤泥质粉质黏土的单位沉降量最大;管线沉降可控制在毫米级。基于对无量纲化地表沉降数据的拟合分析,提出了分别采用指数函数和二折线表示的压入式沉井周边地表沉降经验公式,并用工程实例验证了其合理性。     

模糊等价聚类分析在王村矿围岩稳定性分析中的应用

针对澄合矿区王村矿井部分巷道及硐室围岩变形破坏严重的现状,以围岩抗压强度、围岩泊松比、侧压力系数、围岩弹性模量、巷道埋深、巷道跨度、最大应力集中系数及围岩平均移动速率作为围岩稳定性因子,通过对8条典型巷道及硐室围岩稳定性因子的现场实测,并对所得数据进行模糊等价聚类分析的基础上,将围岩稳定性划分为极不稳定、不稳定、基本稳定、稳定及非常稳定等5类。在此基础上,将围岩稳定性影响因子分为最主要因素、主要因素及一般因素3大类,进而确定各监测巷道及硐室的围岩稳定性类别。结果表明,模糊等价聚类分析具有较强的工程适用性,是解决矿井围岩稳定性分析的一种有效方法,基于该方法得到的围岩稳定性影响因子分类和围岩类别可以为合理设计围岩支护方案及其参数提供理论依据。