NCEP/NCAR再分析资料所揭示的全球季风降水变化

大气模式是研究气候变化的重要工具,当前的大气模式在模拟季风降水时均存在较大偏差,目前尚不清楚该偏差是来自模式环流场还是模式物理过程.再分析资料由于同化了各类观测和卫星资料,其大气环流近似可被视作是“真实”的.再分析资料中的降水场是在基本真实的环流场强迫下,由当前最先进的数值预报模式计算输出的.因此,再分析资料的降水场能...     

东北亚近100年降水变化及未来10～15年预测研究

利用中国北方22个站点降水观测资料,检验了英国东英格兰大学气候研究中心的CRU05降水资料的可信度,与同类资料相比,该套资料具有较高的时间和空间分辨率。分析发现,20世纪中国东部地区和20世纪中后期西部地区的降水资料具有较高的可信度。利用这套资料分析了东北亚地区近100年降水变化规律,发现中国北方年降水量普遍存在3年、10年和30年左右的周期振荡,20世纪的几个主要干旱时期和多雨时期是由于降水的年际变化和年代际变化共同影响的结果,特大干旱都是发生在降水年代际变化的少雨时期和年际变化的少雨时期同时出现的阶段。将东北亚降水划分为10个主要区域,即中亚及北疆区、华北及西北东部区、蒙古中北部区、河西走廊及蒙古西部区、黑龙江东部区、大兴安岭西部区、中亚北部区、南疆及柴达木盆地区、东北南部区和阿尔泰山北部区。分析还发现,中国北方的干旱半干旱区不是孤立的,它与蒙古干旱区和中亚干旱区连在一起。在主要振荡周期分析的基础上,对中国北方未来10～15年降水变化趋势做了预测研究。     

五种降水产品在疏勒河上游山区和中下游月尺度降水的适用性对比研究

降水产品为理解降水时空分布提供了新的视角,然而其在不同地区适用性差异很大,目前对不同降水产品在西北内陆河流域上游山区和中下游平原适用性的对比研究还十分有限。利用疏勒河流域及周边9个国家气象站2001-2013年和4个山区自建气象站2008-2013年降水观测数据,基于皮尔逊相关系数（R）、均方根误差（RMSE）、平均绝对误差（MAE）和相对偏差（BIAS）指标,对CMFD、ERA-Interim、GPCC、GPCP V2.3和JRA-55共五种常用降水产品的月尺度降水数据在疏勒河上游山区和中下游平原区的适用性进行了评估对比,结果表明：五种降水产品都可以较好地模拟疏勒河流域多年平均降水的空间分布,总体来说,降水产品在上游的评估的相对误差优于中下游,但绝对误差比中下游大,这与上游降水远大于中下游有关。各产品在上游和中下游的精度排序结果一致,均为CMFD > GPCC > ERA-Interim > GPCP V2.3 > JRA-55。CMFD效果最佳可能与融合了中国更多的地面降水资料有关,其在自建站的效果也表现最佳。不同产品在疏勒河上游山区和中下游月尺度的降水评估中表现较好,但尚不能满足流域水文过程分析和模拟的需要。     

NCEP/NCAR再分析资料在青藏铁路沿线气候变化研究中的适用性

通过对青藏铁路沿线8个常规气象站的温度和降水观测资料与NCEP／NCAR再分析资料的对比,详细地考查了再分析资料用于青藏铁路沿线气候变化研究的可行性。统计对比分析表明：再分析资料可较好地反映地面气温及降水的年变化特征,可基本反映其年际变率和年际间的差异。然而,再分析的气温值系统性低于实际观测值,降水量则系统性偏大;再分析资料得出的近40年气温长期变化趋势误差较大,降水的长期趋势特别是年降水有一定的参考价值。总体而言,再分析的气温好于降水,青藏铁路沿线主体好于两端,再分析资料可用于青藏铁路沿线主体段年到年际尺度的短期气候变化研究。     

Antarctic geographic data integration (AGDI) “Bringing it all together”

As digital data of Antarctica is being collected and created at an ever increasing rate, the usefulness of these data for research, GIS analysis and planning has been increasing. Currently there is no formal standard for these datasets to meet, which causes difficulties in integrating data from different sources. Feedback from scientists and researchers is that in order to perform any kind of GIS analyses on basic and fundamental datasets they need to have access to both: standardised and integrated data (a digital data product) and the ‘raw’ data in localised areas (a data library). Up until now there has been no coordinated approach or program to acquire, or even access fundamental datasets. The Antarctic Geographic Data Integration (AGDI) project is about bringing it all together, that is, to facilitate the availability of integrated fundamental GIS data for Antarctica through both a data product and a data library. This paper describes what AGDI is, why have it, what its aims are, details on the different components of AGDI and the status of various projects involved in the collection of fundamental datasets. It also briefly outlines what may happen to AGDI developments and a future work program.     

空间回归检验方法在气象资料质量检验中的应用

该文详细介绍了空间回归检验方法, 并使用2003年我国671站的逐日平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、平均水汽压、平均风速、平均0 cm地温、降水量资料, 检验该方法在气象资料质量检验中的适用性。按区号将全国划分为10个区, 利用该方法分别对各区7个要素进行了检验试验。结果表明:空间回归检验方法能够有效检验出可疑数据, 适用于对单一要素的检验; 对降水、风速等空间变化比较大的要素, 该方法有比较好的检验效果; 应用该方法计算时, 在不同地区、不同要素之间存在差异; 当固定出错比率时, 各区应该选择不同的f值。与一般空间检验方法相同, 该方法也与地理环境、周边台站分布有关, 并受台站密度的影响。     

NCEP/NCAR再分析风速、表面气温距平在中国区域气候变化研究中的可信度分析

采用计算标准化均方根误差、相关分析和EOF分解等多种客观分析统计方法,对NCEP/NCAR再分析风速、表面气温距平在中国区域的可信度进行了研究,结果表明中国东部不同要素距平的标准化均方根误差均比西部地区的小,说明NCEP/NCAR再分析资料的可信度东部比西部要高,可能是受到模式地形和中国地面气象站点“东密西疏”分布格局的较大影响。随着高度升高,NCEP再分析风速距平的误差减小,进一步表明地形对NCEP再分析资料的可信度具有较大影响。另外,冬季再分析风速误差较大的特点在850,500和200 hPa等压面上均存在,表明冬季再分析风速距平的可信度受到再分析模式系统误差的较大影响。相关分析结果和标准化均方根误差计算结果之间具有很好的反向对应关系,即均方根误差大,NCEP再分析资料与实测资料的相关性就差,均方根误差小,则对应两者之间的相关性就较好。标准化均方根误差较小的要素,其NCEP再分析和站点实测资料距平EOF分解得到的特征向量空间分布较为相似,各特征向量对应时间系数的相关性也比较好;反之,标准化均方根误差大的要素,其NCEP再分析和站点实测资料距平EOF分解得到的特征向量空间分布则相差较大,对应时间系数的相关性也比较差,因此采用EOF分解方法,分析对应特征向量空间分布相似性及其时间系数变化的一致性,可以对NCEP再分析资料的可信度有一个更加客观的认识。综合上述各季节、各要素多种方法的分析结果,可以发现NCEP再分析风速距平在春、夏、秋季具有一定的可信度,但冬季的可信度较差;表面气温距平则是冬季的可信度最好,夏季的可信度较差。     

An ocean data assimilation system in the Indian Ocean and west Pacific Ocean

The development and application of a regional ocean data assimilation system are among the aims of the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment. The ocean data assimilation system in the regions including the Indian and West Pacific oceans is an endeavor motivated by this goal. In this study, we describe the system in detail. Moreover, the reanalysis in the joint area of Asia, the Indian Ocean, and the western Pacific Ocean(hereafter AIPOcean) constructed using multi-year model integration with data assimilation is used to test the performance of this system. The ocean model is an eddy-resolving,hybrid coordinate ocean model. Various types of observations including in-situ temperature and salinity profiles(mechanical bathythermograph, expendable bathythermograph, Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography, Tropical Atmosphere Ocean Array, conductivity–temperature–depth, station data), remotely-sensed sea surface temperature, and altimetry sea level anomalies, are assimilated into the reanalysis via the ensemble optimal interpolation method. An ensemble of model states sampled from a long-term integration is allowed to change with season, rather than remaining stationary. The estimated background error covariance matrix may reasonably reflect the seasonality and anisotropy. We evaluate the performance of AIPOcean during the period 1993–2006 by comparisons with independent observations, and some reanalysis products. We show that AIPOcean reduces the errors of subsurface temperature and salinity, and reproduces mesoscale eddies. In contrast to ECCO and SODA products, AIPOcean captures the interannual variability and linear trend of sea level anomalies very well. AIPOcean also shows a good consistency with tide gauges.     

Variations of Surface Heat Fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau before and after the Onset of the South Asian Summer Monsoon during 1979–2016

As the "Third Pole of the World," the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is an important thermal forcing to the South Asian summer monsoon (ASM) and even the global atmospheric circulation. In this paper, surface heat fluxes from the ERA-Interim reanalysis data during March-October of 1979-2016 in the TP and its surrounding areas are examined and analyzed. The results are as follows.(1) From March to May (before the ASM onset), the main body of the TP is dominated by sensible heat flux, which increases rapidly with high (low) values in the west (east), while the change of latent heat flux is small but it increases with time.(2) From June to August (after the ASM onset), sensible heat flux over the TP decreases, while latent heat flux increases rapidly with high (low) values in the east (west).(3) From September to October (after the ASM withdrawal), sensible and latent heat fluxes are comparable to each other in strength, again with high (low) sensible heat flux in the west (east).(4) During 1979-2016, surface sensible heat flux in the whole TP shows a slightly downward trend, while latent heat flux shows an increasing trend. Specifically, in the western TP, sensible (latent) heat flux shows a weak decreasing (an increasing) trend;while in the eastern TP, sensible (latent) heat flux decreases (increases obviously). These variations are consistent with the observed warming and moistening in the TP region. The above results are useful for further analysis of the change of atmospheric heat sources and surface heat fluxes over the TP based on the data from the Third Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Science Experiment (TIPEX-Ⅲ).     

冻结季沱沱河源多年冻土区活动层土壤水分含量分析

活动层含水量是表征多年冻土区气候、水文和生态过程的关键参数。长期以来,由于受多年冻土区活动层水分实测样点数量稀少的限制,各类基于遥感反演、模式模拟乃至数据融合和同化等手段生产的土壤水分空间数据均存在着较大的误差。2020年10—11月在青藏高原腹地（沱沱河源区）测定了 1 072组活动层土壤含水量数据并进行分析,探讨了该时段该区域活动层土壤水分的空间差异,并与全球陆面数据同化系统数据产品（GLDAS-Noah）和欧洲中期天气预报中心发布的第五代再分析资料（ERA5-Land）进行了对比分析。结果表明,在该区域平均厚度为2.72 m的活动层内,土壤质量含水量（总含水量）约为14.0%,活动层土壤含水量与植被发育情况存在正相关关系。除高寒沼泽草甸类型外,高寒草甸与高寒草原类型的活动层含水量随深度的增加呈现出先减小后增大的变化趋势。不同坡位类型的活动层含水量呈上坡位>下坡位>中坡位>平坡位,阳坡水分高于阴坡且两者活动层剖面水分变化相似。多年冻土区浅表层0~350 cm深度范围内的土壤含水量大于区内融区同深度的土壤含水量,两者土壤剖面水分分布均呈现出先增大后减小再增大的特征。该区域的GLDAS-Noah同化水分产品与实测数据对比的误差在10%以内,比ERA5-Land再分析土壤水分数据更为准确,但两种数据产品对土壤剖面上的水分垂直分布情况描述均与实测数据有较大差异。该研究结果可以为数据同化系统的模式冻融参数化方案优化及遥感水分产品研发提供科学依据。