基于时序栅格的海洋异常事件提取方法

海洋异常事件（Marine Abnormal Event,MAE）可为区域海气相互作用和全球气候变化研究提供重要的时空特征参考,具有重要的科学意义。鉴此,本文基于长时间序列的栅格数据集,提出了一种海洋异常事件时空提取算法（Marine Abnormal Event Spatio-Temporal Extraction Method,MAESTEM）。MAESTEM的核心步骤包括事件的时间维度提取、事件的空间维度提取和事件追踪。在时间维度提取方面,将每一个栅格像元作为一维时间序列,计算其平均值和标准差作为判断每个时刻是否异常的标准,并根据异常持续发生的时间长短来提取时间维度的海洋异常事件（Temporal MAE,TMAE）。在空间维度提取方面,利用空间邻域统计方法,统计栅格像元的空间邻域中属于TMAE的个数,并通过空间维度异常判断规则获取空间维度的海洋异常事件（Spatial MAE,SMAE）。利用时刻状态的SMAE的空间拓扑关系,根据事件前后时刻覆盖的空间区域是否重叠以及事件持续的时间长短,实现异常事件的追踪。最后,通过提取太平洋海域1993年1月至2012年12月的月均海面高度异常（Sea Level Anomaly,SLA）事件,验证了该算法的有效性和实用性。     

面向环境数据集的Spatial OLAP系统集成

SOLAP是以空间数据仓库为基础,针对特定问题的联机空间数据访问和分析,实现SOLAP的前提是解决空间数据与非空间数据在空间数据仓库中的集成问题。首先,论文结合混合数据仓库架构模式,采用多层体系结构设计,提出和构建了一种面向环境数据集的空间OLAP系统的体系架构,包括"生产数据库—数据仓库层(基础业务库-主题数据库)-中间件层—BI综合分析层"等4个层次。接着,分析了环境数据集成和空间数据仓库建模过程,采用Oracle 11g来构建环境空间数据仓库,通过使用ODI工具的ETL功能实现环境属性数据集成。分析和构建了环境数据空间维度扩展的方法和模型,通过扩展行政区划维度表,使用Oracle Spatial sdo_geometry抽象几何数据类型存储环境空间数据,实现了空间数据和数据仓库数据的一体化存储。分析了SOLAP系统中OLAP和GIS的集成问题,采用OBIEE作为OLAP工具,Oracle Mapviewer作为GIS组件、GIS服务和OLAP服务在Web服务器中进行业务逻辑集成,对外提供统一的访问接口,实现OLAP和GIS的完全集成。最后,实现了一个环境数据集SO-LAP原型系统,验证了论文的框架和模型。     

新疆夏季降水时空分布的适用性评估

新疆气象站点稀疏且分布不均,高精度时空气象数据缺乏。基于数据同化的再分析资料,可成为解决这一问题的有效途径。利用美国国家环境预报中心再分析数据(CFSR)、欧洲中期数值预报中心再分析数据(ERA-Interim)和美国国家航空航天局再分析数据(MERRA)中的降水数据,分别与1979-2007年新疆气象观测数据和日本气象厅高分辨率亚洲陆地降水数据(APHRO)进行数理统计分析,评估了这3套再分析数据在新疆的适用性。3套再分析数据可有效表征新疆大部分地区年内降水的时空分布特征,夏季降水偏差小于100%;但未能捕捉到夏季降水的长期趋势。夏季降水的偏差与高程具有显著的相关性,这可为订正3套再分析数据、提高降水数据的精度提供技术支撑。     

Sensitivity of surface air temperature change to land use/cover types in China

Using CRU high resolution grid observational temperature and ERA40 reanalysis surface air temperature data during 1960–1999, we investigated the sensitivity of surface air temperature change to land use/cover types in China by subtracting the reanalysis from the observed surface air temperature (observation minus reanalysis, OMR). The results show that there is a stable and systemic impact of land use/cover types on surface air temperature. The surface warming of each land use/cover type reacted differently to global warming. The OMR trends of unused land (⩾0.17 °C/decade), mainly comprised by sandy land, Gobi and bare rock gravel land, are obviously larger than those of the other land use/cover types. The OMR over grassland, farmland and construction land shows a moderate decadal warmingabout 0.12°C/decade, 0.10°C/decade, 0.12°C/decade, respectively. Woodland areas do not show a significant warming trend (0.06°C/decade). The overall assessment indicates that the surface warming is larger for areas that are barren and anthropogenically developed. The better the vegetation cover, the smaller the OMR warming trend. Responses of surface air temperature to land use/cover types with similar physical and chemical properties and biological processes have no significant difference. The surface air temperature would not react significantly until the intensity of land cover changes reach a certain degree. Within the same land use/cover type, areas in eastern China with intensive human activities exhibit larger warming trend. The results provide observational evidence for modeling research on the impact of land use/cover change on regional climate. Thus, projecting further surface climate of China in regional scale should not only take greenhouse gas increase into account, but also consider the impact of land use/cover types and land cover change. Supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2005CB422006), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 90202012, 40771206)     

The Evolution of a Meso-β-Scale Convective Vortex in the Dabie Mountain Area

The evolution of a mesoscale convective system (MCS) that caused strong precipitation in the northern area of Dabie Mountain during 21-22 June 2008 is analyzed, along with the evolution of the associated meso-β-scale convective vortex (MCV). The mesoscale reanalysis data generated by the Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS) at a 3-km horizontal resolution and a 1-h time resolution during the South China Heavy Rainfall Experiment (SCHeREX) were utilized. The results show that two processes played key roles in the enhancement of convective instability. First, the mesoscale low-level jet strengthened and shifted eastward, leading to the convergence of warm-wet airflow and increasing convective instability at middle and low levels. Second, the warm-wet airflow interacted with the cold airflow from the north, causing increased vertical vorticity in the vicinity of steeply sloping moist isentropic surfaces. The combined action of these two processes caused the MCS to shift progressively eastward. Condensation associated with the MCS released latent heat and formed a layer of large diabatic heating in the middle troposphere, increasing the potential vorticity below this layer. This increase in potential vorticity created favorable conditions for the development of a low-level vortex circulation. The vertical motion associated with this low-level vortex further promoted the development of convection, creating a positive feedback between the deep convection and the low-level vortex circulation. This feedback mechanism not only promoted the maturation of the MCS, but also played the primary role in the evolution of the MCV. The MCV formed and developed due to the enhancement of the positive feedback that accompanied the coming together of the center of the vortex and the center of the convection. The positive feedback peaked and the MCV matured when these two centers converged. The positive feedback weakened and the MCV began to decay as the two centers separated and diverged.     

东中国海域交叉定标多平台合成洋面风场资料的初步评估

对新的交叉定标多平台合成洋面风场资料（CCMP风场）的特点进行分析介绍,利用浮标和观测桩的时间序列资料和同期的卫星高度计探测资料,对东中国海海域范围内该风场的精度和特性进行了检验和评估并与欧洲中期天气预报中心再分析资料（ERA风场）和散射计探测混合风场资料（QuickScat／NCEP风场）进行对比分析。结果表明：CCMP风场在远海区域的精度较高,风速偏小;在近岸区域风速可能偏大,存在一定的局限性。在东中国海海域,较之ERA风场和QuickScat／NCEP风场,CCMP风场均方根误差最小;当实际风速较小时,三种资料的风速都偏大,偏度较小;当实际风速较大时,三种风场的风速都偏小,偏度较大;且三种资料的风速误差具有随季节变化的特征。     

基于敦煌戈壁站观测对几套再分析产品夏季地表感热通量的评估

西北干旱区是欧亚大陆夏季感热输送的高值区,此区域感热输送对东亚季风气候系统的变异有重要影响。然而,再分析资料的感热通量在此区域存在很大的不确定性,影响该地区感热变化对东亚区域气候影响的认识。本文基于敦煌戈壁站2001~2014年夏季的观测数据,评估了NCEP/NCAR、NCEP/DOE、ERA-Interim和JRA-55这4套再分析产品的感热通量。敦煌戈壁站的感热通量是根据敦煌戈壁站常规观测数据和Y08方案计算得到,代表敦煌戈壁站的实际感热。结果显示,戈壁站夏季感热多年平均约为85.7 W m-2,但受局地降水的影响存在较大的波动;再分析资料的感热通量之间存在很大的不确定性,与观测相比,ERA-Interim的感热通量在大小和变化上好于其他再分析资料,在没有局地性降水的影响时比较接近观测。进一步分析了再分析感热与观测差异的原因。研究表明,再分析资料中的地表风速和地气温差与粗糙度设置和热力参数化方案相关联。各再分析资料均不同程度地低估了敦煌戈壁站的地气温差(观测值约6.5°C),这主要是由于再分析系统中对戈壁下垫面的粗糙度设置偏高以及热力参数化方案不太适用于戈壁下垫面造成的。相对而言,ERA-Interim的参数化方案在戈壁下垫面优于其他再分析产品的参数化方案,使得ERA-Interim的地气温差相对其他再分析资料更接近实际观测,感热通量较为合理。     

基于浮标、NCEP2及OAFlux产品的新海表感热和潜热通量对比分析

New satellite-derived latent and sensible heat fluxes are performed by using Wind Sat wind speed, Wind Sat sea surface temperature, the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasting(ECMWF) air humidity, and ECMWF air temperature from 2004 to 2014. The 55 moored buoys are used to validate them by using the 30 min and 25 km collocation window. Furthermore, the objectively analyzed air-sea heat fluxes(OAFlux) products and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis 2(NCEP2) products are also used for global comparisons. The mean biases of sensible and latent heat fluxes between Wind Sat flux results and buoy flux data are –0.39 and –8.09 W/m~2, respectively. In addition, the rootmean-square(RMS) errors of the sensible and latent heat fluxes between them are 5.53 and 24.69 W/m~2,respectively. The RMS errors of sensible and latent heat fluxes are observed to gradually increase with an increasing buoy wind speed. The difference shows different characteristics with an increasing sea surface temperature, air humidity, and air temperature. The zonal average latent fluxes have some high regions which are mainly located in the trade wind zones where strong winds carry dry air in January, and the maximum value centers are found in the eastern waters of Japan and on the US east coast. Overall, the seasonal variability is pronounced in the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean. The three sensible and latent heat fluxes have similar latitudinal dependencies; however, some differences are found in some local regions.     

近32 a中亚地区气温时空格局分析

中亚地区生态环境脆弱,生态系统对于气候变化的响应非常敏感,但其气候变化的时空格局并不清楚。该区域气象站点分布稀疏、高精度气象数据缺乏,利用单一数据源研究气候变化具有极大的不确定性。因此,结合站点数据和再分析数据探索中亚五国气候变化时空格局具有重要的研究价值。选取31个气象站点数据（OBS）、CRU气象插值数据和CFSR、ERA-Interim和MERRA三套高精度的再分析数据,对中亚地区1980-2011年的年、四季气温的时空格局变化进行分析。研究结果表明：（1） 近32 a中亚年均气温显著升高,增温速率为0.36～0.47 ℃·（10 a）^-1,即过去的近32 a中亚地区平均气温升高1.15～1.50 ℃。（2）四季气温变化中春季的增温速率最快（0.71～0.93 ℃·（10 a）^-1）,而冬季气温无显著性的变化。（3）中亚中部、南部、西南部、西部地区显著增温,尤其是在1990s后期至2000s前期经历了显著性地增温过程,而中亚其它地区气温无显著变化。     

城市化进程对重庆夏季高温炎热天气的影响

利用重庆17站观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了城市化进程对重庆夏季高温炎热天气的影响。结果表明:随着城市化进程的加快,城区代表站沙坪坝高温和炎热日数呈减少趋势,与邻近的郊区呈现出明显差异。进一步分析其可能原因,沙坪坝日最高气温升温较郊区缓慢,相对湿度增加,均呈现较为显著的城市化效应,说明沙坪坝夏季高温和炎热日数与邻近郊区明显趋势不同的主要原因是由于城郊最高气温的变化差异。相关分析表明,随着城市化进程的加快,主城区炎热日数的变化与郊区的差异逐渐增大,也说明沙坪坝炎热日数的减少不是大尺度的区域气候变化造成的,而是城市化进程加快导致的。利用OMR方法分析了重庆都市圈观测气温与NNR气温的差异,城市化进程加快对平均气温和最低气温是增温影响,且以最低气温的影响较为明显,同时对最高气温的影响则为降温效果。