江苏区域格网加权平均温度线性模型研究

针对建立区域加权平均温度线性模型的问题,该文提出了将ERA5再分析数据和无线探空数据结合的方法,利用线性回归方法建立单因子和多因子模型,实现对江苏及周边地区的加权平均温度建模。对于有探空站点分布的ERA5格网区域,利用探空数据对ERA5建立的线性Tm模型进行修正,对于无探空站分布的ERA5格网区域使用江苏及周边区域整体修正系数对Tm进行修正。根据2018年数据进行验证,结果表明,本文所建立的单因子模型精度与之相当甚至略优,建立双因子模型的精度提高最大可达10.52%,证明了利用ERA5再分析资料和无线电探空建立江苏区域Tm模型的适用性。     

中国区域再分析湿度资料与均一化探空湿度资料的对比分析

利用1980—2010年中国98个探空站均一化月平均温度和温度露点差资料(OBS)和NCEP/NCAR(NCEP)、ERAInterim(ERA)、JRA-25(JRA)3种再分析月平均比湿资料,使用相似分析、趋势分析等方法对中国区域4种资料高空比湿进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)从空间分布特征分析,JRA比湿与OBS比湿的空间分布相似系数最大。(2)3种再分析资料比湿普遍大于OBS比湿,除个别站点个别层次外,JRA和OBS比湿更加接近;再分析比湿和OBS比湿的相对偏差随高度增加而增大,且冬春季大于夏季。(3)从长期变化趋势分析,在对流层低层,JRA和0BS比湿较接近,在对流层中高层ERA和OBS比湿较接近。     

Validation and Application of Reanalysis Temperature Data over the Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan Plateau has substantial impacts on the weather and climate of the Northern Hemisphere,due in large part to the thermal effects of the plateau surface.Surface temperature over the Tibetan Plateau is the most important parameter in determining these thermal effects.We present a method for verifying widely used reanalysis temperature products from NCEP-R2,ERA-Interim,and JRA-25 over the Tibetan Plateau,with the aim of obtaining a reliable picture of surface temperature and its changes over the plateau.Reanalysis data are validated against the topography elevation,satellite observations,and radiosonde data.ERA-Interim provides the most reliable estimates of Tibetan Plateau surface temperature among these three reanalyses.We therefore use this dataset to study the climatology and trends of surface temperature over the Tibetan Plateau.ERA-Interim data indicate a dramatic warming over the Tibetan Plateau from 1979 to2010,with warming rates of 0.33℃ per decade in annual mean temperature,0.22℃ per decade in summer and0.47℃ per decade in winter mean temperatures.Comparison with the results of previous studies suggests that surface warming over the Tibetan Plateau has accelerated during the past 30 years.This warming is distributed heterogeneously across the Tibetan Plateau,possibly due to topographic effects.     

A study of transport and impact strength of Fukushima nuclear pollutants in the north pacific surface

Based on the statistics of surface drifter data of 1979–2011 and the simulation of nuclear pollutant particulate movements simulated using high quality ocean reanalysis surface current dataset, the transport pathways and impact strength of Fukushima nuclear pollutants in the North Pacific have been estimated. The particulates are used to increase the sampling size and enhance the representativeness of statistical results. The trajectories of the drifters and particulates are first examined to identify typical drifting pathways. The results show that there are three types of transport paths for nuclear pollutants at the surface: 1) most pollutant particles move eastward and are carried by the Kuroshio and Kuroshio-extension currents and reach the east side of the North Pacific after about 3.2–3.9 years; 2) some particles travel with the subtropical circulation branch and reach the east coast of China after about 1.6 years according to one drifter trajectory and about 3.6 years according to particulate trajectories; 3) a little of them travel with local, small scale circulations and reach the east coast of China after about 1.3–1.8 years. Based on the particulates, the impact strength of nuclear pollutants at these time scales can be estimated according to the temporal variations of relative concentration combined with the radioactive decay rate. For example, Cesium-137, carried by the strong North Pacific current, mainly accumulates in the eastern North Pacific and its impact strength is 4% of the initial level at the originating Fukushima area after 4 years. Due to local eddies, Cesium-137 in the western North Pacific is 1% of the initial pollutant level after 1.5 years and continuously increases to 3% after 4 years. The vertical movement of radioactive pollutants is not taken into account in the present study, and the estimation accuracy would be improved by considering three-dimensional flows.     

高原地区ERA40与NCEPI再分析资料对比分析

利用ERA40、NCEPI (NCEP/NCAR version Ⅰ)再分析资料以及高原地区的探空资料和1979年青藏高原地区第1次气象科学试验资料,详细的比较了高原地区位势高度的特征.结果表明,两套再分析资料在高原地区具有一定的相似性,但仍存在着明显的差别.相比较而言,高原北部地区ERA40再分析资料除1980-19...     

ECMWF和NCEP再分析资料在青藏高原高度场变化中的对比分析

利用ECMWF和NCEP/NCAR北半球逐月平均的600 hPa、500 hPa和200 hPa高度场再分析资料,对高原地区高度场流型及量值进行对比研究.结果表明:二者在不同的再分析资料中具有一定的相似性,但仍存在着明显的区别.高度场流型的区别由低层向高层依次减小,600hPa高度场除冬季的流型基本一致外,其余三季的流...     

NCEP再分析资料和浮标观测资料计算海气热通量的比较

对来自于美国国家环境预报中心公布的NCEP1、NCEP2 再分析资料和来自于定点布放在黄海北部的浮标观测资料进行了比较和分析。结果是： NCEP 再分析资料中的海表气象参数（风速、湿度、气温、海表温度）是可信的。在统计意义上, NCEP2 给出的海表气象参数比NCEP1 与浮标观测值更接近,而净辐射通量则是NCEP1 ...     

A global ocean reanalysis product in the China Ocean Reanalysis (CORA) project

The first version of a global ocean reanalysis over multiple decades (1979–2008) has been completed by the National Marine Data and Information Service within the China Ocean Reanalysis (CORA) project. The global ocean model employed is based upon the ocean general circulation model of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. A sequential data assimilation scheme within the framework of 3D variational (3DVar) analysis, called multi-grid 3DVar, is implemented in 3D space for retrieving multiple-scale observational information. Assimilated oceanic observations include sea level anomalies (SLAs) from multi-altimeters, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from remote sensing satellites, and in-situ temperature/salinity profiles. Evaluation showed that compared to the model simulation, the annual mean heat content of the global reanalysis is significantly approaching that of World Ocean Atlas 2009 (WOA09) data. The quality of the global temperature climatology was found to be comparable with the product of Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA), and the major ENSO events were reconstructed. The global and Atlantic meridional overturning circulations showed some similarity as SODA, although significant differences were found to exist. The analysis of temperature and salinity in the current version has relatively larger errors at high latitudes and improvements are ongoing in an updated version. CORA was found to provide a simulation of the subsurface current in the equatorial Pacific with a correlation coefficient beyond about 0.6 compared with the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) mooring data. The mean difference of SLAs between altimetry data and CORA was less than 0.1 m in most years.     

Cross‐shore variations of near‐surface wind velocity and atmospheric turbulence at the land‐sea boundary during CASP

Abstract

Airborne measurements of mean wind velocity and turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer under wintertime conditions of cold offshore advection suggest that at a height of 50 m the mean wind speed increases with offshore distance by roughly 20% over a horizontal scale of order 10 km. Similarly, the vertical gust velocity and turbulent kinetic energy decay on scales of order 3.5 km by factors of 1.5 and 3.2, respectively. The scale of cross‐shore variations in the vertical fluxes of heat and downwind momentum is also 10 km, and the momentum flux is found to be roughly constant to 300 m, whereas the heat flux decreases with height. The stability parameter, z/L (where z = 50 m and L is the local Monin‐Obukhov length), is generally small over land but may reach order one over the warm ocean. The magnitude and horizontal length scales associated with the offshore variations in wind speed and turbulence are reasonably consistent with model results for a simple roughness change, but a more sophisticated model is required to interpret the combined effects of surface roughness and heat flux contrasts between land and sea.

Comparisons between aircraft and profile‐adjusted surface measurements of wind speed indicate that Doppler biases of 1–2 m s^?1 in the aircraft data caused by surface motions must be accounted for. In addition, the wind direction measurements of the Minimet anemometer buoy deployed in CASP are found to be in error by 25 ± 5°, possibly due to a misalignment of the anemometer vane. The vertical fluxes of heat and momentum show reasonably good agreement with surface estimates based on the Minimet data.     

民机阵风载荷测量试飞颠簸潜势诊断技术研究

为确保民机阵风载荷测量试飞的质量和效率,规避风险,保障安全,解决“找风难”问题,从飞行员飞机颠簸报告入手,利用欧洲中期天气预报中心提供的ERA5全球大气再分析资料,基于10个预报效果较为理想的颠簸指数,通过加权集成算法给出了高空急流背景下的颠簸潜势综合指数。综合指数中单一指数的权重是通过发生颠簸的预报准确率PODY、未发生颠簸的预报准确率PODN、总体预报准确率PODA及TSS评分及中度以上颠簸所占面积fMOG五项评价指标共同确定的。同时评估了颠簸潜势综合指数性能对单一指数数量的敏感性以及对参与建模样本量的敏感性。结果表明:Dutton指数因预报得分φ达1.043,是这10个单一指数中总体预报效果最好的,Brown指数、L-P指数次之。由Dutton指数、Brown指数、L-P指数、TI1指数及风相关指数加权集成的综合指数,较好地集成了各单一指数的优点,各项指标均较为优秀,PODA达90%,TSS达0.80,fMOG达9.2%,预报得分φ达1.225,总体效果最好。随着单一指数数量的增加,综合指数的诊断效果先增大后减小,当单一指数增加到5个的时候,效果最优。随着参与建模的飞机颠簸样本量增加,综合指数性能逐步提升。该综合指数能较好地解决民机阵风载荷测量试飞潜在颠簸区域寻找的问题。