CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE RATIO F685/F735 IN BROWN ALGAE AND ITS VARIATION UNDER EXCITATION BY TWO TYPES OF LIGHT AND DEHYDRATION

Calculation and comparative study of the chlorophyll fluorescence ratio F685/F735 in brown algae (Laminaria japonica, Underia pinnatifida and Padina crassa) excited by blue and green light showed that the fluorescence ratios were higher when the algae were excited by blue light (440 nm), but reduced obviously under green light (540 nm) excitation. The values also reduced under dehydration but could recover during rehydration if the stress was not serious. The variation of the fluorescence ratio under dehydration was mainly because changes in fluorescence emission at 735 nm were always sharper than those at 685 nm. The ratio was sensitive to stress and has potential as a stress indicator in phycological research. Measurement of the fluorescence excitation spectra showed that the only peak at 540 hm changed apparently during dehydration. It meant that the function of the Chl a /Fucoxanthin protein complex for energy transfer was easily inhibited by water stress. However, no variation of the ratio was foun     

Attenuation of compressional waves in peridotite measured as a function of temperature at 200 MPa

A technique has been developed to determine attenuation in rocks at high temperature using a gas-media, high-pressure apparatus. A pulse transmission technique and a spectral ratio method are used to study compressional seismic properties of rocks. Seismic waves are transmitted to and from the sample through buffer rods of mullite. The effect of seismic wave reflections within the sample assembly are cancelled out by taking ratios of the spectra measured at different temperatures. In order to obtain good signal-to-noise ratio for resolving the attenuation at high pressure and temperature, special care is taken in the sample assembly and the ultrasonic coupling between the sample, buffer rods and transducers. A very tight connection of the sample-buffer rod-transducer is essential for obtaining high frequency signals (>300 kHz) at high temperature. A small mass is attached to each outside end of the transducer to drive low frequency signals (<250 kHz) into the sample. Before attenuation measurements, the sample and the buffer rods are tightly compacted in a platinum tube at high pressure and room temperature to ensure pressure seal of the sample assembly. The frequency range of measurement covers 50 to 450 kHz for the sample. Attenuation is very small in the buffer rod compared to the sample for the entire temperature range of the study. Because of the small attenuation, a wide frequency band of 50 kHz to 3.2 MHz can be covered for investigating the attenuation in the buffer rod. The technique has been used to measure attenuation at high confining pressure, and temperatures including sub- and hyper-solidus of upper mantle rocks. Therefore, effects of partial melting on attenuation can be studied.The method is applied to the attenuation measurement in a peridotite as a function of temperature to 1225°C at 200 MPa confining pressure. At high temperature, signal amplitude decays more rapidly at high frequency than at low frequency, from which attenuation (andQ) can be determined using a spectral ratio method. No frequency dependence ofQ is resolved for both the sample and the buffer rod over the entire temperature and frequency ranges of the measurement. The results show thatQ decreases rapidly with increasing temperature even in the temperature range below the solidus of peridotites. Such temperature sensitivity ofQ is probably more useful to probe thermal structure in the upper mantle than that of conductivity at temperatures below the solidus. The results in this study are compared with available seismic velocity, electrical conductivity and solidus data for peridotites, suggesting that there is no discontinuous change in both mechanical and electrical properties of peridotites at the solidus temperature. Even at hypersolidus temperatures, it appears that velocity drops and conductivity increases continuously (not abruptly) with increasing melt fraction. This implies that mechanical and electrical properties of the upper mantle will gradually change at the boundary where the geotherm crosses the solidus.     

有孔虫壳体的Mg/Ca比值在古环境研究中的应用

有孔虫壳体的Mg/Ca比值测定是目前估算海水古温度最受重视的方法,适用于低纬和高纬、表层和深层海水古温度的测定。该方法理论误差仅为±1.1℃,考虑到盐度以及海水pH值的影响,其误差为±1.3℃。运用此法推算出的热带海区表层海水温度领先于全球冰盖的变化,是热带过程调控冰期旋回最强有力的证据之一;与氧同位素相结合,还成功地运用于全球冰量的估算,是目前古环境研究中较常用的古温度测试手段。     

Considering dynamic soil structure interaction (SSI) effects on seismic isolation retrofit efficiency and the importance of natural frequency ratio

This paper utilizes and expands on existing coupled BEM–FEM (finite element method) methods for the investigation of the effects of soil structure interaction (SSI) on both an un-retrofitted and seismically isolated typical bridge structure. A simple numerical model of the bridge and surrounding soil is formulated and excited by an earthquake excitation. Utilizing Newmark's β FEM solution method along with the closed form B-spline BIRF method, the structural damped period, composite damping ratio, pier relative displacement, and base shear demand are monitored. From these results, the effects of SSI on this structure are identified. Additionally, the importance of the relative rigidity between the soil-foundation system and the bridge structure is also investigated. The results of the studies indicate that the response of the complete structure system considered is affected by the inclusion of SSI effects. Furthermore, the efficiency of the isolation measures designed using fixed base conditions is decreased by considering SSI over a certain relative rigidity range that is quantified using the structure to soil-foundation natural frequency ratio.     

皮尔斯比率图解在腾冲新生代火山岩研究中的应用

腾冲新生代火山岩属钙碱性系列，可分为四个喷发期，构成两个岩浆旋回：Ｎ＿２－Ｑ＿１为玄武岩—英安岩；Ｑ＿３—Ｑ＿４为玄武岩—安山岩。应用皮尔斯比率图解对其进行研究表明：分离结晶作用是岩石化学成分变异的主要因素；第一旋回的玄武岩浆可能起源于上地幔的部分熔融，经（Ｐｌ＋Ｃｐｘ±Ｏ１±Ｍｔ）矿物组合的分离结晶而形成英安岩浆。英安岩浆在形成或演化过程中受到了地壳物质的轻度混染。该旋回具有张性构造环境中双峰式火成岩套的特点。第二旋回的玄武岩浆可能起源于早期俯冲洋壳的部分熔融，经（Ｍｔ＋Ｐｌ＋Ｃｐｘ±Ｏｐｘ）矿物组合的分离结晶而形成安山岩浆，为安山岩成因的分离结晶模式提供了一个良好的实例。该旋回具有典型的弧火山岩的特点。     

Numerical study of an oscillating smaller cylinder in the wake of an upstream larger cylinder

A numerical study of flow around two tandem cylinders with unequal diameters was carried out. The upstream larger cylinder was fixed and the downstream smaller cylinder was allowed to oscillate in the transverse direction only. Comparisons of the experimental and numerical results were made to investigate the effects of the gap ratio on the maximum vibration amplitude and vortex shedding frequency. The results showed that the vibration response of the smaller cylinder was significantly affected by the presence of the upstream larger cylinder, and resulted in greatly reduced vibration amplitudes. With an increasing gap ratio, the vibration amplitude increased. However, the magnitude was lower than that corresponding to a single cylinder (with the same diameter as that of the downstream smaller cylinder) under the same flow conditions.     

利用标准时频变换方法在强噪声环境下无偏拾取地震P波、S波到时

地震P波、S波到时是精确分析地震水平位置、深度与速度结构等的重要参数,如何准确拾取P波和S波到时是地震学的一项重要的基础工作.大数据量与强噪声环境给地震到时的自动拾取带来了很大挑战.在频率域中可将信号与噪声分离,但会造成震相的偏移.针对上述问题,本文在STA/LTA、AIC方法的基础上,引入了标准时频变换（Normal Time-Frequency Transform,NTFT）,结合信号时间域与频率域特征,提出了基于NTFT的STA/LTA方法,以及基于NTFT的AIC方法来拾取P波和S波的到时.基于NTFT的STA/LTA方法通过构建即时频率约束的特征函数,以增强地震信号振幅响应的变化特征.基于NTFT的AIC方法则根据NTFT的变换系数定位即时频率-时间基准点,通过滑动窗口直接对标准时频谱进行AIC处理拾取最佳到时.本文采用了不同强度噪声的60组合成数据和105组实测地震数据对方法的可靠性进行检验.以人工拾取到时为参考,实测数据中NTFT-STA/LTA方法拾取P波、S波到时的均方根误差分别为0.36 s和0.56 s;NTFT-AIC方法拾取P波、S波到时的均方根误差分别为0.25 s和0.35 s.相比于STA/LTA、AIC方法,NTFT改进后的方法提高了P波和S波到时的拾取准确率,为强噪声环境下的地震波形到时拾取提供了新思路.

     

不同轴压比钢筋混凝土圆柱桥墩地震易损性分析

以墩顶漂移率为指标运用ABAQUS有限元软件对钢筋混凝土桥墩进行地震易损性分析。对钢筋混凝土桥墩模型进行精细网格划分,运用循环往复Pushover方法模拟钢筋混凝土桥墩破坏界限值,以此界限值为标准对轴压比为0.20、0.22、0.24、0.26和0.30钢筋混凝土桥墩进行增量动力分析（IDA）。研究结果表明:结构的破坏超越概率,随着轴压比的增大而增大;考虑钢筋混凝土桥墩延性抗震性能,设计轴压比不宜超过0.30;轴压比为0.24~0.26时,钢筋混凝土桥墩破坏概率增加不大,宜为合理的轴压比。     

浅水波长计算问题

浅水波周期保持常值,而波长缩减时其计算需进行迭代。提出了两个精度较高的经验公式供计算应用。水深波长比差值ΔLD0的变化规律反映出浅水波长缩减为一复杂过程,并与波能密度加大相关。LD0≤0.14时,特别是LD0=0.056前后,其特征会更加显著,由此可探讨波长变化的内在机理。     

湖北省棉花产量的变化与棉田布局的战略调整*

本文揭示了湖北省棉花亩产的增长具有北高南低的特点,分析了鄂北地区种植棉花的自然优势和经济效盆大于江汉平原,从而提出湖北省棉花北移的战略调整的设想。