氨氮急性攻毒对水产经济动物棘胸蛙(Paa spinosa)蝌蚪死亡率、排氨率、耗氧率及窒息点的影响

以体长(1.932±0.204)cm、体质量(1.386±0.055)g的棘胸蛙蝌蚪为实验动物,在水温(24±0.2)℃、DO(7.30±0.01)mg/L、pH 7.30±0.01条件下,采用静水停食法开展了氨氮对蝌蚪的急性攻毒实验,并以此为基础,测定了不同氨氮质量浓度胁迫下棘胸蛙蝌蚪的排氨率、耗氧率、氧氮比及窒息点。结果表明:(1)蝌蚪对氨氮急性攻毒具明显的运动避毒行为,濒死个体的背部皮肤和肝脏均具明显的色变症状;(2)氨氮对蝌蚪的急性致死率具明显的剂量—时间效应,24h、48h、72h、96h LC50依次为177.5、151.7、148.6和146.8mg/L,毒性时段蓄积程度系数呈持续下降趋势,24—48h、48—72h、72—96h的时段MAC值分别为84.04%、10.1%和5.86%;(3)蝌蚪夜均、昼均、日均及时段排氨率随氨氮质量浓度增加均呈阶梯式下降趋势,其中时段排氨率与对照组均无显著差异的为9.80mg/L实验组,夜均、昼均、日均及时段排氨率与对照组均无显著差异的仅为2.45mg/L实验组(P0.05);(4)氨氮对蝌蚪呼吸耗氧具低毒兴奋效应,其夜均、昼均和日均耗氧率随氨氮质量浓度增加均呈先升后降趋势,峰值氨氮质量浓度范围均为4.90—7.35mg/L(P0.05),与对照组均无显著差异的仅为14.70mg/L实验组(P0.05),窒息点含氧量随氨氮质量浓度增加呈先降后升趋势,谷底出现于4.90mg/L实验组(P0.05),与对照组无显著差异的仅为9.80mg/L实验组(P0.05);(5)实验期间,蝌蚪氧氮比(O:N)波动于18.87—25.34之间,昼均和日均氧氮比(O:N)随氨氮质量浓度增加均依次呈"上升—稳定—下降—再稳定"之趋势,两者的峰值氨氮质量浓度范围分别为4.90—14.70mg/L和4.90—9.80mg/L,夜均氧氮比(O:N)呈先升后降趋势,峰值出现于7.35mg/L实验组(P0.05)。     

卡尔曼滤波算法的灰色理论模型在变形监测中的应用

本文针对灰色理论模型在建模过程中受到随机扰动影响这一问题,提出了利用卡尔曼滤波处理建模数据的方法.经过实例检验,证明基于滤波算法的灰色理论模型在一定程度上可以提高预测值的精度,更好地反映了观测目标的变形趋势,在变形监测中具有一定的优势.     

Potential wind erosion rate response to climate and land‐use changes in the watershed of the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River,China, 1986–2013

Climate and land‐use changes could strongly affect wind erosion and in turn cause a series of environmental problems. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess potential wind erosion rate (PWER) response to climate and land‐use changes in the watershed of the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach of the Yellow River (NIMRYR), China. The watershed of NIMRYR suffers from serious wind erosion hazards, and over recent decades, wind erosion intensity and distribution has changed, following climate and land‐use changes. To understand these processes in the NIMRYR watershed, the Integrated Wind Erosion Modelling System (IWEMS) and the Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) were used to calculate the PWER under different climate conditions and land‐use scenarios, and to assess the influences of climate and land‐use changes on the PWER. The results show the PWER in the whole watershed had a significant declining trend from 1986 to 2013. The results of the relationship among PWER, climate change, and land‐use changes showed that climate change was the dominant control on the PWER change in this watershed. Compared to the period 1986–1995, the average PWER decreased 23.32% and 64.98% as a result of climate change in the periods 1996–2005 and 2006–2013, respectively. In contrast with climate change, the effects of land‐use changes on the average PWER were much lower, and represented a change in PWER of less than 3.3% across the whole watershed. The study method we used could provide some valuable reference for wind erosion modelling, and the research results should help climate and land‐use researchers to develop strategies to reduce wind erosion. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

���ݵ�������ѵ���ֵģ��

?????????????????????????????????????GPS????????????????????????????????????????4?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????壻??????????????????????????????????????????壻?齭???????????????????????????????????塣???????????????????????ζ?????????????????????????????????????????????κ??齭???????????????????????????????????????????????     

天津市地热资源开发利用特征及存在问题分析

天津地区的地热地质条件良好,蕴藏着丰富的地热资源。在地热资源的开发利用过程中,每年可产生可观的经济、社会和环境效益,但由于开发方式的不尽合理,带来诸多问题。文章阐述了天津开发利用地热资源的特征,分析了存在的问题。认为不同热储层间水力联系的存在和地热井间距的过小,造成开采层间相互影响较大;地热井布局不合理、开采层位相对集中、回灌程度不高导致局部热储层压力大幅度下降,持续的大幅度压力下降将引发吊泵和地面沉降;超标准排放地热尾水会造成资源浪费和热污染;采、灌井间距的过小和相对位置的不合理,存在冷突破风险。针对不同问题,给出了针对性解决问题的建议。     

人工神经网络在盐渍土盐胀特性研究中的应用

利用人工神经网络处理非线性体系的优势性,对盐渍土膨胀规律多影响因素试验数据进行了建模方法分析,提出了盐渍土盐胀率随含水量、氯化钠含量、硫酸钠含量、初始干容重和上覆荷载5因素变化的计算公式,计算结论比常规二次回归法更加符合目前对盐渍土盐胀规律的定性认识.     

东江径流年内分配特征及影响因素贡献分解

基于1956~2009年实测径流、天然径流和面降水的月系列,选用集中度和不均匀系数,分析东江径流年内分配特征的时空变异规律。通过对比降水和径流年内分配特征指标的阶段变化差异,量化分解气候变化、土地利用/覆被变化、水利工程水量调节和用水消耗等主要因素对东江径流年内分配特征变化的影响贡献。结果表明:东江实测径流的集中度和不均匀系数年变化过程均有显著下降趋势,且1973年为时序变点。降水及天然径流的年内集中程度阶段变化较小,但2000~2009年降水及天然径流的年内不均匀性要明显大于20世纪80年代和90年代。降水及天然径流的年内集中度和不均匀系数由上游向下游逐渐增大,显示集水面积越大降水及径流的年内集中程度和不均匀性越大。水利工程水量调节和土地利用/覆被变化降低了径流的年内集中程度和不均匀性,而用水消耗和气候变化增加了径流的年内集中程度和不均匀性。水利工程水量调节、土地利用/覆被变化、用水消耗和气候变化,对东江径流分配特征的影响贡献率分别约为-33.5%、-9.0%、4.5%和1.0%,新丰江水库、枫树坝水库和白盆珠水库的影响贡献率分别约为-21%、-10%和-2%,且近30年来土地利用/覆被变化和用水消耗的影响贡献有逐渐增加趋势。     

Prediction of the consumption rates for juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) on the scale of habitat patches: Development of empirical models based on stomach contents

Rivers and streams are unstable environments in which estimation of energetic costs and benefits of habitat utilization are the daunting exercise. Empirical models of food consumption may be used to estimate energetic benefits based on abiotic and biotic conditions in patches of habitat. We performed thirty daily surveys of fish stomach contents to estimate the consumption rates for juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a river. The data were used to assess whether variations of daily consumption rates existed within the river, and to develop empirical models that could predict fish consumption rates using abiotic and biotic conditions as independent variables. Daily consumption rates based on stomach content surveys in the field (range: 0.15–1.49 g dry/(100 g wet day)) varied significantly depending on habitat patch (500–1000 m²), summer period, and sampling year. Variables such as water temperature, numerical density of salmon, water depth and moon phase explained 83–93% of the variations in daily food consumption rates. Daily consumption rates tended to increase with water temperature and depth, and were also higher near a full moon. However, they tended to decrease with the numerical density of salmon. Our work suggests that empirical models based on independent variables that are relatively simple to estimate in the field may be developed to predict fish consumption rates in different habitat patches in a river.     

2011年龙眼挂果率高的气象成因分析

通过对2010/2011年度玉林市龙眼秋梢抽生期—开花着果期的农业气象条件进行诊断分析,找出了有利2011年挂果率高的主要气象条件,并根据龙眼的开花结果习性和玉林市的气候特点,提出了一些相应的对策,以最大限度地提高挂果率。     

升温与硝酸盐加富对鹿角杯形珊瑚幼虫的生理影响

选择三亚鹿回头近岸海域常见的鹿角杯形珊瑚(Pocillopora damicornis)幼虫为研究对象,采用室内连续培养的方法,探究了升温(29℃和31℃)与硝酸盐加富(0、5、20μmol/dm^3)对鹿角杯形珊瑚幼虫共生体的生理影响。结果表明:升温和硝酸盐加富对鹿角杯形珊瑚幼虫存活率与共生虫黄藻叶绿素荧光指数(Fv/Fm)无显著影响,但对幼虫附着率的影响表现为明显的交互作用。升温条件下,各处理珊瑚幼虫附着率均显著下降,且硝酸盐加富加剧了升温对珊瑚幼虫附着率的负面影响。再者,升温对幼虫呼吸速率的影响与硝酸盐的浓度有关,5μmol/dm^3硝酸盐处理抵消了升温对幼虫呼吸的促进作用;与此同时,5μmol/dm^3硝酸盐处理提高了幼虫的净光合作用而且光合呼吸速率比(PG/RD)大于2,表明此时珊瑚幼虫共生体系光合作用固定的有机碳为净累积。综上,适量的硝酸盐加富可以缓解升温对珊瑚幼虫代谢的负面影响,但高浓度硝酸盐加富则会不利于鹿角杯形珊瑚幼虫的附着及种群的本地补充。