Rapid simulated hydrologic response within the variably saturated near surface

Column and field experiments have shown that the hydrologic response to increases in rainfall rates can be more rapid than expected from simple estimates. Physics‐based hydrologic response simulation, with the Integrated Hydrology Model (InHM), is used here to investigate rapid hydrologic response, within the variably saturated near surface, to temporal variations in applied flux at the surface boundary. The factors controlling the speed of wetting front propagation are discussed within the Darcy–Buckingham conceptual framework, including kinematic wave approximations. The Coos Bay boundary‐value problem is employed to examine simulated discharge, pressure head, and saturation responses to a large increase in applied surface flux. The results presented here suggest that physics‐based simulations are capable of representing rapid hydrologic response within the variably saturated near surface. The new InHM simulations indicate that the temporal discretization and measurement precision needed to capture the rapid subsurface response to a spike increase in surface flux, necessary for both data‐based analyses and evaluation of physics‐based models, are smaller than the capabilities of the instrumentation deployed at the Coos Bay experimental catchment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Energy considerations in groundwater‐ridging mechanism of streamflow generation

Groundwater ridging is the rapid rise of a shallow water table during a rainfall event, in an environment where, in the pre‐event period, the capillary fringe extends to the ground surface. Groundwater ridging is widely cited to account for the observed significant appearance of pre‐event water in a stream stormflow hydrograph. Various hypotheses have been advanced to explain the groundwater‐ridging mechanism; and most recently, from a field study site in South Africa, an energy hypothesis was proposed, which explains that groundwater‐ridging water‐table rise is a result of rapid introduction and transmission of additional pressure head into the capillary fringe from an intense rainfall at the ground surface. However, there is a need for further analysis and evidence from other field study sites to confirm and support this newly proposed energy hypothesis. The objectives of this paper are, therefore, as follows: to review previous observations on groundwater ridging, from other study sites, in order to deduce evidence of the newly proposed energy hypothesis; to present and evaluate a one‐dimensional diffusion mathematical model that can simulate groundwater‐ridging water‐table rise, based on the newly proposed energy hypothesis; and to evaluate the importance of a capillary fringe in streamflow generation. Analysis of previous observations from other study sites generally indicated that the rate of groundwater‐ridging water‐table rise is directly related to the rainfall intensity, hence confirming and agreeing with the newly proposed energy hypothesis. Additionally, theoretical results by the mathematical model agreed fairly well with the field results observed under natural rainfall, confirming that the rapidly rainfall‐induced energy is diffusively transmitted downwards through pore water, elevating the pressure head at every depth. The results in this study also support the concept of a three‐end‐member stream stormflow hydrograph and contribute to the explanation of how catchments can store water for long periods but then release it rapidly during storm events. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

双k型岭估计及其在GPS快速定位中的应用

针对GPS快速定位中设计阵病态性的特点,文中对现有的有偏估计进行了改进,提出了一种新的有偏估计--双k型岭估计.由广义岭估计和普通岭估计出发,讨论并给出了双k型岭估计中两个岭参数的选择方法.最后给出了实测GPS动态定位算例,验证了新估计的稳定性和有效性.     

Double-epoch algorithm in rapid positioning using single frequency GPS receivers

A new algorithm, called as Double-Epoch Algorithm (DEA) is proposed in GPS rapid positioning using two epoch single frequency phase data in this paper. Firstly, the structure characteristic of the normal matrix in GPS rapid positioning is analyzed. Then, in the light of the characteristic, based on TIKHONOV regularization theorem, a new regularizer is designed to mitigate the ill-condition of the normal matrix. The accurate float ambiguity solutions and their MSEM (Mean Squared Error Matrix) are obtained, using two epoch single frequency phase data. Combined with LAMBDA method, DEA can fix the integer ambiguities correctly and quickly using MSEM instead of the covariance matrix of the ambiguities. Compared with the traditional methods, DEA can improve the efficiency obviously in rapid positioning. So, the new algorithm has an extensive application outlook in deformation monitoring, pseudokinematic relative positioning and attitude determination, etc.     

西北太平洋热带气旋迅速增强特征及其影响因子

选取西北太平洋上热带气旋(TC)24小时风速变化累积频率达95%所对应的15.4 m/s作为迅速增强(RI)的标准,研究了RI个例的基本特征以及TC自身特征因子与环境因子对RI的作用。结果表明,TC迅速增强过程的持续时间平均为33小时,最长可达78小时,并且TC经过迅速增强过程几乎都达到了台风级别以上,其中,一半以上达到了强台风级别以上。对比迅速增强(RI)和非迅速增强(non-RI)个例得到,RI个例相对于non-RI个例发生区域偏南偏东,两者的移动速度没有明显差异,但RI个例有较大向西移动分量并且前12小时增强较大;相对于non-RI个例,RI个例离最大潜在强度较远并且发生在较暖水区和55%～75%的低层相对湿度的条件下;RI个例发生在较小的垂直风切变和较弱的对流层上层东风气流情况下,由上层槽或冷低压引起的强迫弱于平均状况时RI较易发生。TC前12小时强度变化(DVMX)、海表面温度(SST)和垂直风切变(SHR)是影响迅速增强的主要因子,当DVMX≥6.3 m/s时RI发生的可能性最大,达到17.2%。当有若干个影响因子共同起作用时发生RI可能性显著增加,其中以较大的前12小时强度变化(DVMX≥6.3 m/s)、较高的海表面温度(SST≥29.4℃)、较弱的垂直风切变(SHR≤5.9 m/s)、较小的相对涡旋角动量通量辐合(REFC≤-1.6 m/(s.d))、偏东经度(LON≥138.2°E)和低纬度(LAT≤16.7°N)共同作用时,RI发生的可能性达到最大,可达66.7%。     

银的野外快速分析方法——巯基棉富集-Ag-TMK-DBS三元络合物光导比色法

发展了一种能在野外测定0.25~1000μg/g银量的Ag-TMK-DBS三元络合物光导比色测定法。样品经硝酸封闭溶解后,用巯基棉富集分离银,在pH 4.5的乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲介质中,银与硫代米蚩酮(TMK)-十二烷基苯磺酸钠(DBS)形成易溶于水的红色三元胶束络合物,用自行开发研制的光导(比色)分光光度计比色测定痕量银。方法检出限为0.10μg/g,加标回收率为96.0%~99.4%,11次测定的精密度(RSD)小于5.76%。方法较为快速、简便、准确和灵敏,经国家一级标准物质验证,分析结果与标准值吻合。用光导分光光度计测定,准确度和精密度均有很大改进,结果与室内原子吸收光谱分析结果一致。方法具有广阔的应用前景。     

Search condition of purification materials and their proper processing for the rapid infiltration method

The purpose of this study is to do an experiment in finding conditions of search purification materials and the way of their proper processing for the rapid infiltration method. It seems that this result makes an index of further selection of a purification material. This experiment is to conduct sorption tests of fulvic acid and phosphoric acid regarding Kanuma-soil （volcanic ash soil） with iron oxide and aluminum oxide, to fred relationship between sorption coefficients and heating temperature, concentrations of iron and aluminum. The sorption experiment on heated and unheated materials was conducted at 25℃ in a dark place at the solid to liquid ratio of 1 ： 2.5. The liquid is simulated river water. According to the result of the study, a deference was found of the best heating temperature between sorption coefficients of fulvic acid and phosphoric acid. The peak of a sorption coefficient of fulvic acid is 800℃, however the peak of a sorption coefficient of phosphoric acid is 400℃. In the case of fulvic acid, it is high sorption coefficients when Kanuma-soil with aluminum oxide is unheated and heated as 400℃. However, sorption coefficients when Kanuma-soil with iron oxide is not conspicuously different when heated, and coefficients are descended gradually more than 600℃. Sorption coefficients of unheated Kanuma-soil are descended when adding iron oxide. When heating temperature is higher, pH of water is higher. High pH causes to descend sorption coefficient, however it is remarkable result that sorption coefficient is ascended at 800℃. In the case of phosphoric acid, it is high sorption coefficient when Kanuma-soil is heated at 400℃, and Kanuma-soil with aluminum oxide is heated between 200℃ and 400℃. Sorption coefficients of Kanuma-soil with iron oxide are the highest when unheated, but sorption coefficients of Kanuma-soil with iron oxide are the highest when heated.     

回线源瞬变电磁测深快速反演方法

回线源瞬变电磁测深法(简称瞬变电磁法或TEM法)是以不接地回线为场源,在回线内、外测量电磁场的一种电磁测深方法,已经广泛用于固体矿产、工程地质和水文地质调查工作之中[1,2]。目前,回线源瞬变电磁法主要采用中心回线和重叠回线两种测量装置,测量回线内垂直磁场产生的感应电动势。“烟圈”反演方法是瞬变电磁反演的主要计算方法,“烟圈”反演利用地表瞬变电磁响应与某时刻电流源镜像等效原理,计算勘探深度和对应电阻率。这里给出了回线源瞬变电磁测深一维“烟圈”反演解释方法的基本原理、计算方法和应用实例。结果表明,一维“烟圈”反演解释结果纵向分辨率较高,能反映出地下电性变化情况,可以用于瞬变电磁测深资料解释工作。     

快速堆肥对污泥中重金属的影响

对上海曲阳污水厂污泥及其快速堆肥产物中的Zn．Cu，Ni．Cd，Pb，Cr等六种重金属进行了含量及化学形态分析。分析结果表明堆肥过程不会改变污泥中各重金属元素的含量．堆肥前后重金属主要以稳定的形态存在，但堆肥过程进一步提高了重金属元素稳定形态的比例。变化最为显著的是污泥中含量较高的Zn，其不稳定形态的比例由37％降为16％．使得Zn的活性与毒性大大降低。经过快速堆肥．考察的六种重金属元素的稳定性得到了提高，减小了污泥土地利用时重金属的环境危害。     

Debris Flow Triggered by Rapid Snowmelt: A Case Study in The Glei .arhjalli Area, Northwestern Iceland

Debris flows in the Gleivarhjalli area in northwestern Iceland occurred after a sudden and intensive snowmelt period during 10–12 June, 1999. The area, in the northwestern part of the town of Ísafjörvur, was chosen for a detailed study. Meteorological data and bedrock conditions, triggering mechanisms and geomorphological and human impacts were examined. This paper describes and emphasises the role of rapid snowmelt as a mechanism for the release of debris flows in a subpolar basaltic fjord setting. Post‐event mapping of erosional and depositional landforms showed strong geomorphic impacts of debris flows and their role in mass transfer in a mountainous environment. The estimated denudation rate for the singleevent is 0.29 mm/km². The use of a new lichen growth curve provides relative dating of previous unreported events. Finally, the paper estimates the mean return period for debris‐flow events in the Gleivarhjalli area as 4–5 years, thus constituting a serious threat to the community.