“协优”成矿预测方法的理论探索与实践

根据西藏野外地质工作难度大、工作程度极低、找矿信息少且获取极其困难这一实际, 在认真学习、吸收前辈成矿预测理论精髓及大量找矿实践和理论思考的基础上, 基于系统性、关联性、目标一致性、不充足判据的充足化、复杂与精确的反比性原则, 提出了西部工作程度极低地区快速逼近找矿目标的“协优”成矿预测法, 即只要优选出少量相互关联、目标一致、最能揭示某种类型成矿本质特征的关键信息组合, 就可能导致该类型矿床被发现.强调直接信息的先导作用及少数相互关联信息的明确指示意义, 突出信息与预测目标的一致性, 这样可有效减少信息的不确定性和多解性, 从而降低找矿风险.试图从另一个视角、另一种思路来认识和探讨西部工作程度极低地区的成矿预测问题.该方法应用于冈底斯、北喜马拉雅及念青唐古拉等成矿带的勘查实践, 找矿取得了巨大突破.这对促进冈底斯相邻地区乃至整个西部地区的找矿评价、技术方法进步等具有重要的参考与借鉴意义.      

A RAPID MAPPING SYSTEM IN CHINESE ACTIVE FAULT SURVEY PROJECT

Active fault survey, which is one kind of fundamental researches for reducing disaster risk from earthquake, has been implemented by multiple governmental agencies since the early 1990s in China. Chinese government sponsored some active fault survey projects these years. These researches and projects use a series of thematic maps to describe their processes, results and achievement. Since geography information science was introduced in late 1990s and applied since 2000s to these active fault survey projects, seismologists and experts began to draw thematic maps by this new technology. A convenient and fast way for seismologists and experts to produce atlas of active fault survey products is an important accelerator to achieve these projects.This paper studies on the rapid methodology of producing active fault survey atlas, which is basically built on the processes and contents of active fault projects in recent years, and introduces the methodology on two aspects of standardization and software development. This study has been applied to the ongoing active fault survey projects, and resulted in more effective process, normative data and beautiful atlas. Thus these researches will be easier to be used in future application such as publication, internet sharing, and city development. This methodology has reference value to similar map-producing system in standardization and software development.     

台风“达维”迅速加强数值模拟研究

利用WRF模式（V311）对0518号台风“达维”(Damrey)进行了72 h的数值模拟。重点分析了影响台风强度迅速加强的可能机制,结果表明：①缓慢加强阶段,东风波与台风高层环流相互作用形成一条东北—西南走向的外流通道,加强台风高层辐散流出,有利于台风强度加强;垂直风切变在积分前12 h减小,台风迅速加强与垂直风切变减小间存在滞后性。②迅速加强阶段,低层指向台风中心的水汽通量大大增加;海表面热通量、潜热通量和水汽通量持续增强,海表面潜热通量对台风的能量贡献远大于热通量。③台风眼壁附近的条件性对称不稳定机制激发斜升气流,倾斜涡度发展引起中心附近相对涡度增大,台风整体强度得到加强。     

浅谈卫星遥感影像颜色调整

简要介绍了遥感技术系统和遥感图像后期处理的一般工作流程,在此基础上着重阐述了利用Photoshop图像处理软件调整水系颜色的快捷方法及其具体操作步骤。     

四川九寨沟Ms7.0级地震滑坡应急快速评估

基于地震滑坡危险性评估的Newmark累积位移模型,利用震前获取的震区地形数据、区域地质资料,结合地震动近实时获取技术,开展了四川九寨沟M_s7.0级地震诱发滑坡的应急快速评估。地震滑坡位移分析结果表明,同震滑坡活动的中—高强度区分布在断层两侧宽约4 km的带状区域内,整体沿北西方向延伸。其中,极震区的丰雪塘、日则和干海子等城镇驻地及附近道路的滑坡强度相对较高;震前、震后影像对比表明九寨沟地震诱发的滑坡类型以浅表型碎屑流及小规模崩塌为主,且同震碎屑流多是在震前已有碎屑流的基础上进一步活动扩展而来,震后汛期泥石流隐患也不容忽视;通过典型地区滑坡位移分析结果与震前、震后影像对比,表明滑坡位移分析结果能够较好的反映同震滑坡的宏观分布特征,但在场地尺度上吻合程度欠佳,后续将通过提升岩性和地形等数据质量进行改进。研究结果可为灾情研判提供宝贵信息,对提高灾害应急救援效率具有重要意义。     

基于Newmark模型的尼泊尔M_s8.1级地震滑坡危险性快速评估

在研究分析地震灾区地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、气象水文和典型地区滑坡的基础上,采用Newmark斜坡累积位移模型对2015年4月25日尼泊尔M_s8.1级地震诱发的滑坡危险性的空间分布状况进行了快速评估,通过典型地区的滑坡遥感解译结果验证表明评估结果具有较好的可信度,初步反映了尼泊尔地震诱发滑坡危险性分布的基本特征。然后考虑降雨作用对震后滑坡危险性的影响,对地震叠加降雨诱发滑坡危险性分布进行了快速预测。研究结果对地震应急救灾中的地质灾害防灾减灾具有重要的参考意义。     

Multi-component joint inversion of gravity gradient based on fast forward calculation

With the development of gravity gradient full tensor measurement technique , three-dimensional (3D) inversion based on gravity gradient tensor can provide more accurate information .But the forward calcula-tion of 3D full tensor sensitivity matrix is very time-consuming, which restricts its development and application . According to the symmetry of the kernel function , the authors reconstruct the underground source of geological body to avoid repeat computation of the same value , and work out the corresponding relationship between the re-sponse of geological body to the observation point and the response of reconstructed geological body to the obser -vation point .According to the relationship , rapid calculation of full tensor gravity sensitivity matrix can be achieved .The model calculation shows that this method can increase the speed of 30-45 times compared with the traditional calculation method .The sensitivity matrix is applied to the multi-component inversion of gravity gradient .The application of this method on the measured data provides the basis for the promotion of the meth -od.     

Effects of rapid temperature changes on HK,PK and HSP70 of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Litopenaeus vannamei</Emphasis> in different seasons

Activities of hexokinase(HK), pyrnvate kinase(PK)and levels of HSPT0 were measured to evaluate the response of Litopenaeus vannamei to rapid temperature changes under controlled laboratory conditions. Shrimps were subjected to a quick temperature change from 27℃ to 17℃ for the summer case(Cold temperature treatment), or from 17℃ to 27℃ for the winter case(Warm temperature treatment). After 0. 5, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure time, shrimps were sampled and prepared for further analysis. The results showed that the effect of acute temperature changes on activities of HK was significant. Patterns of variations of the two glycolytic enzymes suggested that enzymes in the glycolysis cycle could adjust their activities to meet the acute temperature change. The HSP70 level increased in both cold and warm temperature treatments, suggesting that the rapid temperature changes activated the process of body's self-protection. But the difference in expression peak of HSP70 might be related to the different body size and the higher thermal sensitivity to temperature increase than to temperature decrease of L. Vannamei.     

库水位升降作用下大型堆积体边坡变形破坏预测

库岸边坡的变形破坏及稳定性研究是目前国内外研究的热点之一。基于水电站库区一大型堆积体边坡,通过现场原位直剪试验获取岩土体的力学参数,利用岩土数值分析FLAC3D软件,考虑了堆积体与基岩基覆接触带介质的应变软化特性,对水库蓄水和下降过程中边坡的变形破坏特征进行了分析预测。结果表明,在库水升降作用下变形主要发生在堆积体内部;根据堆积体的变形特征可分为3个区：前缘牵引变形区,变形量最大;中间过渡区,变形量最小;后缘被牵引变形区,变形量介于前缘和中间之间。模拟过程中,在坡体的不同位置设置位移监测点,得到了蓄水和水位下降过程中各监测点的位移时程曲线,监测结果显示,水位下降时堆积体前缘易形成局部失稳。通过剪应变增量判断堆积体边坡在库水作用下可形成2个潜在的滑动破坏面     

我国近期地震烈度有关问题讨论——以2013年芦山7.0级地震为例

近年来,我国大陆西部地区破坏性地震频发。通过地震现场的烈度考察和灾害调查等工作,迅速向社会公开发布地震烈度图,为地震应急救援、灾后恢复重建发挥重要作用。该文通过剖析2013年4月20日芦山7.0级地震烈度,发现其主要依据是居民点建筑物的破坏情况,和以滑坡为主的其他次生山地灾害、峰值加速度等代表的强地面运动分布存在显著差异,而受发震构造、震源分布、破裂过程、震源机制等因素约束不强。另外的几次地震也存在类似问题,并且有的地震修订烈度图可能不利于使用,所有地震都没有烈度异常区(点),越来越近似于共焦点等间距椭圆,烈度图的科学性存在疑问。针对这些问题,进一步提出对烈度速报问题的认识和展望。