Coupling mechanisms in double sandbar systems. Part 2: impact on alongshore variability of inner‐bar rip channels

Double sandbar systems are common morphological features along sandy, wave‐dominated, micro‐ to meso‐tidal coastlines. In the companion paper, we demonstrated how various alongshore inner‐bar rip‐channel patterns can develop through morphological coupling to an alongshore‐variable outer bar. The simulated coupling patterns are, however, scarcely observed in the field. Instead, inner‐bar rip channels more often possess remarkably smaller and more variable alongshore length scales, suggesting that coupling mechanisms do not play a substantial role in the overall double‐sandbar dynamics. Here we use a numerical model to show that the relative importance of self‐organization and morphological coupling changes in favour of the latter with an increase in waterdepth variability along the outer‐bar crest. Furthermore, we find that the typical alongshore variability in inner‐bar rip‐channel scale is indicative of a mixture of self‐organization and morphological coupling rather than self‐organization alone. Morphological coupling may thus be more important to understanding and predicting the evolution of inner‐bar rip channels than previously envisaged. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.     

具有随机状态转移矩阵的Kalman滤波

讨论状态转移矩阵为随机性矩阵时的Kalman滤波方法,并给出滤波的具体算法及分析滤波的收敛特性和参数的取值范围。通过实际算例证实了该滤波方法的有效性。     

Wind-driven diversion of summer river runoff preconditions the Laptev Sea coastal polynya hydrography: Evidence from summer-to-winter hydrographic records of 2007–2009

This paper examines the role of atmospheric forcing in modifying the pathways of riverine water on the Laptev Sea shelf, using summer-to-winter hydrographic surveys from 2007 to 2009. Over the two consecutive winter seasons of 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 in the area of the winter coastal polynya, our data clearly link winter surface salinity fields to the previous summer conditions, with substantially different winter salinity patterns preconditioned by summer atmospheric forcing. In the summer of 2007, dominant along-shore westerly winds in the cyclonic regime force the Lena River runoff to flow eastward. In contrast, in the summer of 2008, dominant along-shore easterly winds over the East Siberian Sea and on-shore northerly winds over the Laptev Sea in the anticyclonic regime lock the riverine water in the vicinity of the Lena Delta. Over the coastal polynya area in the southeastern Laptev Sea these patterns precondition a surface salinity difference of 8–16 psu between the winters of 2008 and 2009. Overall, this indicates a residence time of at least half a year for riverine water on the Laptev Sea shelf. Future climate change associated with an enhanced summer cyclonicity over the eastern Arctic may turn more riverine water eastward along the eastern Siberian coast, resulting in weaker vertical density stratification over the Laptev Sea shelf, with possible impact on the efficiency of vertical mixing and polynya dense water production.     

Remote and local forcing of a coastal lagoon: The Virginia Coast Reserve

The effects of local and remote wind forcing of water level heights in the Virginia Coast Reserve (VCR) are examined in order to determine the significant forces governing estuarine motions over subtidal time scales. Recent (1996–2008) data from tide and wind stations in the lagoon, a tide station to the north at Sandy Hook, NJ, and one offshore wind station at the Chesapeake Light Tower are examined. Sea surface height spectrum calculations reveal significant diurnal and semidiurnal tidal effects along with subtidal variations, but a suppressed inertial signal. Sea-surface heights (SSH) with 2–5 day periods at Wachapreague, VA are coherent with those at Sandy Hook and lag them in time, suggesting that southward-propagating continental shelf waves provide subtidal variability within the lagoon. The coherence between lagoon winds and sea surface height, as well as between winds and cross-lagoon sea height gradient, were significant at a relatively small number of frequency and wind direction combinations. The frequencies at which this wind forcing occurs are the tidal and subtidal bands present to the north, so that lagoon winds selectively augment existing SSH signals, but do not generate them. The impact of the wind direction is closely related to the geometry of the lagoon and bounding landmasses. The effect of wind stress is also constrained by geometry in affecting the cross-lagoon water height gradient. Water levels at subtidal frequencies are likely forced by a combination of local wind forcing, remote wind forcing and oceanic forcing modified by the complex topography of the lagoon, shelf, and barrier islands.     

有限m重非齐次马氏链随机变换的一个强极限定理

将赌博系统的随机变换概念推广到有限优重非齐次马氏链情形,采用鞅方法研究了有限m重非齐次马氏链函数的强极限定理,作为推论得到有限m重非齐次马氏链随机变换的若干强极限定理。     

量子理论中一个定理的随机推广

随机情况下的量子理论有着更广泛的实际应用,所以利用数学期望将量子理论中的一个重要定理在随栅隋况下作了推广,证得这个定理对随机自相似集也成立,这对进一步研究随机自相似集的量子维数和量子误差提供了理论依据,丰富了量子理论．     

土层随机地震反应分析中侧向边界的影响分析

研究了随机地震激励下土层地震反应及土-结构相互作用分析中有限土域的取值范围对计算精度的影响。分别以基岩白噪声谱和杜修力修正基岩谱作为输入,进行了土层随机地震反应分析,探讨了自由边界、固定边界和黏弹性边界3种人工边界条件下土域的取值范围、土介质阻尼和土体长深比（L/H）对土层随机地震反应的影响,给出了侧向人工边界合理位置的具体建议。在此基础上,选取土体的合理边界范围,建立土-结构相互作用分析模型,分别以基岩白噪声谱、杜修力修正基岩谱以及实测地震波功率谱作为输入,进行了土-结构相互作用体系随机地震反应分析,计算结果验证了侧向人工边界取值在土-结构相互作用体系随机地震反应分析中的有效性。     

基于Janbu法的边坡整体稳定性滑动面搜索新方法

对于边坡整体稳定分析,找到了一种用随机角来搜索随机滑动面的新方法。在此过程中,采用简化Janbu法计算安全系数。这种新方法产生随机滑动面的过程是：先假定滑动面与边坡上、下缘的交点,在某一初始方向的情况下,以下缘交点为基点开始每随机一个角度方向,使其与对应的滑动体土条划分竖线相交,直到随机角度方向与上、下缘交点的连线重合,将这些交点依次连接,即可得到一条随机曲线（或随机滑动面）。通过随机模拟曲线,发现随机角物理意义明确,具有以下两个独特优点：①只有一个随机条件,随机因素易于控制,便于计算机编程;②为保证其随机曲线为一光滑曲线,可对随机角进行适当优化,并且在条分数足够大时,能够模拟任何曲线。针对以往随机搜索精度不高的问题,采用近似曲线来代替随机曲线的方法加以改进,并且将近似曲线的生成进行了简化。经各种实例对比分析后,得出此方法计算得出的安全系数与以往研究成果颇为接近,得到的最危险滑动面亦与实际情况相符,因而可说明此方法能够适用于边坡整体稳定性分析。     

Morphology,structure and kinematics of a rainfall controlled slow‐moving Andean landslide,Peru

The large slow‐moving landslide of Maca is located in the upper Colca valley (southern Peru), a region characterized by a well pronounced rainy period, and intense and recurrent sustained seismicity. The landslide, developed in deep lacustrine deposits, has recently accelerated, threatening the Maca village. This work aims at understanding the rupture mechanism and the causes of the recent landslide reactivation/acceleration. We present a multidisciplinary characterization of the Maca landslide that includes: (i) geological and morphological mapping in the field; (ii) remote sensing analysis using an historical aerial photograph of 1955 and the Pléiades satellite images (2013); (iii) global positioning system (GPS) including time‐series of surveys over 13 years, and continuous measurements over 14 months; (iv) a geophysical campaign with deep electrical resistivity tomography profiles acquired across the landslide mass. Our study shows that this 60 Mm³ landslide, which can be classified as a clay/silt compound landslide, moved by 15 m between 2001 and 2014 with a large inter‐annual velocity variation (up to a factor of 500) depending on the rainfall intensity. We suggest that these dramatic changes in velocity are the result of the combination of a threshold mechanism and the short intense rainy season in Peru. This study reveals three main driving factors acting at different timescales: (i) over several decades, the river course has significantly changed, causing the Maca landslide reactivation in the 1980s due to the erosion of its toe; (ii) at the year scale, a minimum amount of rainfall is required to trigger the motion and this amount controls the landslide velocity; (iii) transient changes in slide velocity may occur anytime due to earthquakes. This study particularly highlights the non‐linear behaviour of the motion with rainfall. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于逐减随机震源采样法的频率域二维黏滞声波方程全波形反演

全波形反演方法利用叠前地震波场的运动学和动力学信息重建地下速度结构,具有揭示复杂地质背景下构造与岩性细节信息的潜力。然而,巨大的计算量是阻碍其发展的一个瓶颈问题。为此,研究者们提出了震源编码技术来减少计算量,但是此方法在模型更新过程中会引进随机串扰噪声,降低反演结果准确性。所以,在保证计算精度的情况下,本文提出了采用逐减随机震源采样的方法来高效计算全波形反演问题。笔者将此方法应用于频率域二维黏滞声波波动方程全波形反演,开始了在频率域进行随机震源采样类方法的研究,计算过程中共使用了依次增大的8个频率段;并应用Overthrust模型来验证此类随机震源采样法的正确性。实验结果表明：基于逐减随机震源采样法的反演结果与实际Overthrust模型的拟合误差为0.065 65,而应用基于全部震源的全波形反演方法得到的反演结果与实际Overthrust模型的拟合误差为0.064 64,两者差别不大;但计算用时由740 min减少到291.2 min,即计算效率提高了2.54倍。为了更好地确定方法的有效性,将其应用于Marmousi模型进行试算。模型试算结果表明：基于逐减随机震源和基于全部震源得到的反演结果与实际Marmousi模型的拟合误差分别为0.080 12和0.078 97,相差不大;但计算用时由1 218.9 min减少到274.4 min,计算效率提高了4.44倍。综上,在保证反演精度的情况下,基于逐减随机震源采样法的频率域全波形反演方法大大减少了计算量,具有不可替代的计算优势,并且没有引进随机串扰噪声。