高分辨率青藏高原历史月降水数据重建

青藏高原对全球气候研究具有重要意义,而降水数据对水文、气象和生态等领域的研究也至关重要,且随着研究内容和尺度的变化,对高时空分辨率的历史降水数据的需求越发迫切。本文基于TRMM 3B43降水数据,采用随机森林算法,引入归一化植被指数(AVHRR NDVI)、高程(SRTM DEM)、坡度、坡向、经度、纬度6个地理因子,建立历史降水重建模型,获得1982-1997年分辨率为0.0833°的青藏高原年降水数据,然后根据比例系数法计算出月降水数据。为提高精度,利用站点数据对月降水数据进行校正。结果表明,该方法能简单有效地获得高时空分辨率的历史降水数据,决定系数R²大部分在0.4~0.9之间,平均值为0.6767,其中夏季效果最好,冬季效果最差;均方根误差RMSE和平均绝对误差MAE均在50 mm以下,RMSE均值为22.66 mm,MAE均值为15.97 mm;偏差Bias较小,基本在0.0~0.1之间。     

基于数值预报和随机森林算法的强对流天气分类预报技术

随机森林算法是当前得到较为广泛应用的机器学习方法之一,有着很高的预测精度,训练结果稳定,泛化能力强,解决多分类问题有明显优势。本文将随机森林算法应用于强对流的潜势预测和分类,分短时强降水、雷暴大风、冰雹和无强对流四种类别,基于2005—2016年NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料计算的对流指数和物理量,开展强对流天气的分类训练、0～12 h预报和检验,经2015—2016年独立测试样本检验表明,针对强对流发生站点的点对点检验,整体误判率为21. 9%,85次强对流过程基本无漏报,模型尤其适用于较大范围强对流天气。随机森林算法筛选的因子物理意义较为明确,和主观预报经验基本相符,模型准确率高,可用于日常业务。     

Classifying natural-language spatial relation terms with random forest algorithm

The exponential growth of natural language text data in social media has contributed a rich data source for geographic information. However, incorporating such data source for GIS analysis faces tremendous challenges as existing GIS data tend to be geometry based while natural language text data tend to rely on natural language spatial relation (NLSR) terms. To alleviate this problem, one critical step is to translate geometric configurations into NLSR terms, but existing methods to date (e.g. mean value or decision tree algorithm) are insufficient to obtain a precise translation. This study addresses this issue by adopting the random forest (RF) algorithm to automatically learn a robust mapping model from a large number of samples and to evaluate the importance of each variable for each NLSR term. Because the semantic similarity of the collected terms reduces the classification accuracy, different grouping schemes of NLSR terms are used, with their influences on classification results being evaluated. The experiment results demonstrate that the learned model can accurately transform geometric configurations into NLSR terms, and that recognizing different groups of terms require different sets of variables. More importantly, the results of variable importance evaluation indicate that the importance of topology types determined by the 9-intersection model is weaker than metric variables in defining NLSR terms, which contrasts to the assertion of ‘topology matters, metric refines’ in existing studies.     

基于随机森林模型的珠江三角洲30 m格网人口空间化

人口空间化是实现人口统计数据与其他环境资源空间数据融合分析的有效途径。本文选取夜间灯光数据、道路网数据、水域分布数据、建成区数据、数字高程模型和地形坡度数据作为影响珠江三角洲人口分布的变量因子,利用随机森林模型对珠江三角洲2010年人口数据进行了30 m格网空间化,并将模拟结果与三个公开数据集作精度对比,最后基于随机森林模型的变量因子重要性分析珠江三角洲人口空间分布的影响因素。结果表明：本文模拟整体精度达到82.32%,均优于WorldPop数据集以及中国公里网格人口数据集,接近GPW数据集,而且在人口密度中等区域模拟精度最高;通过对变量因子重要性进行度量,发现夜间灯光强度是珠江三角洲人口分布的最重要指示性指标,到水域的距离、到建成区的距离和路网密度对珠江三角洲人口分布均具有重要作用。利用随机森林模型结合多源信息能够实现高空间分辨率的人口空间化,可为精细化城市管理提供重要数据源,也可为相关政策决策制定提供支持。     

Grid-cell Aerosol Direct Shortwave Radiative Forcing Calculated Using the SBDART Model with MODIS and AERONET Observations:An Application in Winter and Summer in Eastern China

Taking winter and summer in eastern China as an example application, a grid-cell method of aerosol direct radiative forcing(ADRF) calculation is examined using the Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer(SBDART) model with inputs from MODIS and AERONET observations and reanalysis data. Results show that there are significant seasonal and regional differences in climatological mean aerosol optical parameters and ADRF. Higher aerosol optical depth(AOD)occurs in summer and two prominent high aerosol loading centers are observed. Higher single scattering albedo(SSA) in summer is likely associated with the weak absorbing secondary aerosols. SSA is higher in North China during summer but higher in South China during winter. Aerosols induce negative forcing at the top of the atmosphere(TOA) and surface during both winter and summer, which may be responsible for the decrease in temperature and the increase in relative humidity.Values of ADRF at the surface are four times stronger than those at the TOA. Both AOD and ADRF present strong interannual variations; however, their amplitudes are larger in summer. Moreover, patterns and trends of ADRF do not always correspond well to those of AOD. Differences in the spatial distributions of ADRF between strong and weak monsoon years are captured effectively. Generally, the present results justify that to calculate grid-cell ADRF at a large scale using the SBDART model with observational aerosol optical properties and reanalysis data is an effective approach.     

不同月海冰边界提取算法对南极海冰变化的影响分析

海冰与海水的交界地带是海-冰-气相互作用的重要区域,其变化会影响海洋生物栖息地的联通状态和海洋、大气的交换,确定海冰边界对于分析海冰动态变化具有重要意义[1-2]。被动微波传感器为长期监测海冰变化提供了大尺度的连续观测数据。从经典统计、随机集理论出发,应用三种由被动微波日均海冰密集度数据提取月均海冰边界的方法,分析三种月均边界的差异,以及不同月均边界提取方法对海冰长期变化分析的影响。     

基于影响因子动态更新的都市圈国土-人口协同模拟

都市圈作为典型的复杂巨系统,其国土、人口、交通等要素呈现出共同演化、协同发展的特征。现有基于元胞自动机的空间模拟方法通常分别进行国土或人口模拟,忽略了国土、人口之间的协同演化,从而限制了模拟性能。本文提出一种影响因子动态更新策略用以表征国土、人口两种要素间的相互作用,拓展经典元胞自动机模型构建协同模拟算法,实现了都市圈国土与人口空间分布态势的精准模拟。本文以深莞惠都市圈为例,对提出算法进行了实验验证。实验结果表明,本文提出协同模拟算法在深莞惠都市圈的国土模拟品质因素为0.274、人口模拟平均绝对百分比误差23.55%,分别优于传统基于随机森林的元胞自动机算法0.24和29.33%;相较于传统模型,在国土模拟中本模型在对于建设用地的模拟准确度提升了约3%,在人口模拟中本模型在对人口高密度的区域模拟误差降低了约6%。本文进一步预测了深莞惠都市圈2030年国土和人口发展空间态势。研究结果可为都市圈重大基础设施选址和发展情景推演提供技术支撑。     

Otolith Microstructure Analysis Reveals Different Growth Histories of Japanese Sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) in the Oyashio Waters

After decades of low year classes,the stock of Japanese sardine(Sardinops melanostictus)has begun to recover since the mid-2000s.The hatch dates and otolith growth rates of age-0 juvenile sardine,which were collected in the subarctic Oyashio waters in autumn 2018,were determined from an otolith microstructure analysis.The sardines were hatched from late January to late April,while mostly in February and March.The otolith growth rate increased continuously up to 60 d after hatching and thereafter de-creased.The revealed growth rate in a crucial growth period is faster than that reported for juvenile sardines collected in the 1990s,which is coincided with the recent recovery trend of the sardine stock.Two groups with different hatch dates,growth histories,and migration routes were identified using unsupervised random forest clustering analysis.They were considered inshore and offshore migration individuals in accordance with recent researches.In the offshore group,a high proportion of sardine juveniles hatched late and grew faster in the Kuroshio-Oyashio transitional waters,a finding consistent with the hypothesis of growth-rate-dependent re-cruitment.This finding on the population composition and growth rate of juvenile sardine in the Oyashio waters can be a basis for an improved prediction of their survival and provides us with valuable information on the recruitment processes of this stock during the period of stock recovery.     

极光全天空图象移动速度的一种计算方法

用随机变形图案分析法计算极光全天空图象的移动速度。与过去直观估计方法不同的是,这样得到的是极光的整体移动速度或整个极光图象的平均速度,而不是个别部分（如最亮部分、边缘或某条亮射线等）的速度。对１９９７年６月２３日一段持续１００秒的平静带状极光记录进行了具体分析,得到极光东西向移动的最大速度为２．８ｋｍ ／ｓ。