Global Correlations of Ocean Ridge Basalt Chemistry with Axial Depth: a New Perspective

The petrological parameters Na₈ and Fe₈, which are Na₂O andFeO contents in mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) melts correctedfor fractionation effects to MgO = 8 wt%, have been widely usedas indicators of the extent and pressure of mantle melting beneathocean ridges. We find that these parameters are unreliable.Fe₈ is used to compute the mantle solidus depth (P_o) and temperature(T_o), and it is the values and range of Fe₈ that have led tothe notion that mantle potential temperature variation of T_P= 250 K is required to explain the global ocean ridge systematics.This interpreted T_P = 250 K range applies to ocean ridges awayfrom ‘hotspots’. We find no convincing evidencethat calculated values for P_o, T_o, and T_P using Fe₈ have anysignificance. We correct for fractionation effect to Mg^# = 0·72,which reveals mostly signals of mantle processes because meltswith Mg^# = 0·72 are in equilibrium with mantle olivineof Fo_89·6 (vs evolved olivine of Fo_{88·1–79·6}in equilibrium with melts of Fe₈). To reveal first-order MORBchemical systematics as a function of ridge axial depth, weaverage out possible effects of spreading rate variation, local-scalemantle source heterogeneity, melting region geometry variation,and dynamic topography on regional and segment scales by usingactual sample depths, regardless of geographical location, withineach of 22 ridge depth intervals of 250 m on a global scale.These depth-interval averages give Fe₇₂ = 7·5–8·5,which would give T_P = 41 K (vs 250 K based on Fe₈) beneathglobal ocean ridges. The lack of Fe₇₂–Si₇₂ and Si₇₂–ridgedepth correlations provides no evidence that MORB melts preservepressure signatures as a function of ridge axial depth. We thusfind no convincing evidence for T_P > 50 K beneath globalocean ridges. The averages have also revealed significantcorrelations of MORB chemistry (e.g. Ti₇₂, Al₇₂, Fe₇₂,Mg₇₂, Ca₇₂, Na₇₂ and Ca₇₂/Al₇₂) with ridge axial depth. Thechemistry–depth correlation points to an intrinsic linkbetween the two. That is, the 5 km global ridge axial reliefand MORB chemistry both result from a common cause: subsolidusmantle compositional variation (vs T_P), which determines themineralogy, lithology and density variations that (1) isostaticallycompensate the 5 km ocean ridge relief and (2) determine thefirst-order MORB compositional variation on a global scale.A progressively more enriched (or less depleted) fertileperidotite source (i.e. high Al₂O₃ and Na₂O, and low CaO/Al₂O₃)beneath deep ridges ensures a greater amount of modal garnet(high Al₂O₃) and higher jadeite/diopside ratios in clinopyroxene(high Na₂O and Al₂O₃, and lower CaO), making a denser mantle,and thus deeper ridges. The dense fertile mantle beneath deepridges retards the rate and restricts the amplitude of the upwelling,reduces the rate and extent of decompression melting, givesway to conductive cooling to a deep level, forces melting tostop at such a deep level, leads to a short melting column,and thus produces less melt and probably a thin magmatic crustrelative to the less dense (more refractory) fertile mantlebeneath shallow ridges. Compositions of primitive MORB meltsresult from the combination of two different, but geneticallyrelated processes: (1) mantle source inheritance and (2) meltingprocess enhancement. The subsolidus mantle compositional variationneeded to explain MORB chemistry and ridge axial depth variationrequires a deep isostatic compensation depth, probably in thetransition zone. Therefore, although ocean ridges are of shalloworigin, their working is largely controlled by deep processesas well as the effect of plate spreading rate variation at shallowlevels. KEY WORDS: mid-ocean ridges; mantle melting; magma differentiation; petrogenesis; MORB chemistry variation; ridge depth variation; global correlations; mantle compositional variation; mantle source density variation; mantle potential temperature variation; isostatic compensation     

Dissolved trace elements and heavy metals in the Danjiangkou Reservoir,China

Concentrations of trace elements and heavy metals (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sr, V and Zn) in the Danjiangkou Reservoir, the water source area of the Middle Route of China’s interbasin South to North Water Transfer Project, were analyzed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES) and compared with the national and international standards for drinking water. The results indicated that concentrations of As, Pb, Sb and Se in the Reservoir exceeded the standards and they would pose health risk for residents in the region and the water receiving areas of the interbasin water transfer project. Spatial and temporal variability of the trace elements and heavy metals in the Reservoir implies their mixed sources of natural processing and anthropogenic activities in the upper drainage of the Reservoir. The research results would help develop water resource management and conservation strategy for the interbasin water transfer project.     

生态地球化学预测预警若干问题探讨

回顾了生态地球化学危害效应的作用机理,提出了区域地球化学调查-地球化学环境监测-机理研究相结合的生态地球化学预测预警基本思路。根据当前中国多目标区域地球化学调查和生态地球化学评价工作的现状,举例说明了土壤重金属元素累积、土壤环境变化、生态效应机理的若干研究方法,提出了预测预警成果体现的若干建议。     

利用ASP+IIS在Internet上动态生成雨量等值线的应用

本文详细阐述了采用矩形网格法绘制雨量等值线的原理、方法和步骤.提出了利用ASP+IIS直接在Internet上动态生成雨量等值线的功能实现和应用,为同行,特别是基层水文职工了解、掌握绘制雨量等值线的方法,有一定的参考价值.     

软弱夹层速度对瑞利面波频散曲线的影响

文章以弹性波横波速度为参数,利用瑞利面波频散曲线的快速标量传递算法进行正演模拟计算,系统研究软弱层速度对瑞利面波基阶模频散曲线的影响,分析和总结了频率与相速度（f-c）、频率与波数（f-k）、深度与相速度（h—c）等瑞利面波基阶模曲线随软弱层速度变化的规律。     

近千年中国东部夏季降水的模拟研究

利用ECHO­G海气耦合气候模式模拟的中国东部过去近1000年的降水资料,通过经验正交函数分解方法得到了中国东部夏季降水分布的主要空间型态： 华北和华南地区与长江中下游地区反位相,即华北和华南地区降水多(少)时长江中下游地区降水少(多)。对31年滑动平均后3种空间分布型的时间系数进行Morlet小波分析和功率谱分析发现,3个地区均存在准60年的年代际振荡周期,长江中下游和华南地区均存在准200年的百年际振荡周期,华南地区还存在120年和80年的变化周期。全球海温场与3个地区夏季降水31年滑动平均后的相关分析表明,在40°～70°S,170°～60°W海域海温与华北和长江中下游地区夏季降水负相关,与华南地区夏季降水正相关除该区外的南北半球(30°～60°)中高纬海域海温与华北和长江中下游地区夏季降水正相关、与华南地区夏季降水负相关,说明在年代际和百年际时间尺度上,中高纬海域海温是影响长江中下游地区和华南地区夏季降水反相的主要因子之一。最后通过对太阳常数、火山活动等外强迫因子与中国东部夏季降水的功率谱分析发现： 中国东部夏季降水的年代际与百年际变化周期大都与外强迫因子的变化周期一致,说明外强迫因子,尤其是太阳常数和火山活动的变化是影响中国东部夏季降水年代际和百年际振荡的主要原因。     

湿度效应及其对降水中δ18O季节分布的影响

提出了湿度效应的概念,即降水中稳定同位素比率与大气的温度露点差ΔT_d存在显著的正相关关系.对两个气候特征完全不同的取样站乌鲁木齐和昆明降水中δ¹⁸O与温度露点差之间的关系进行了分析,尽管两站的δ¹⁸O与ΔT_d的季节变化存在差异,但它们的湿度效应是显著的.利用稳定同位素动力分馏模型并根据500hPa月平均温度的季节分布对昆明站云中凝结物中δ¹⁸O进行了模拟,模拟的月平均δ¹⁸O与月平均温度的变化具有非常好的一致性,说明昆明站云中凝结物中的氧稳定同位素具有温度效应.这个结果与地面降水中氧稳定同位素的降水量效应截然不同.昆明站降水中δ¹⁸O一定程度上指示大气的干湿状况,同时也间接地指示降水量的多寡或季风的强弱.湿度效应的存在,影响降落雨滴中稳定同位素蒸发富集的强度以及雨滴与大气之间稳定同位素物质迁移的方向.它不仅改变降水中稳定同位素比率的大小,也改变其季节分布的特点.     

气候变暖情景下黄河上游径流的可能变化

根据水文气象台站观测资料, 分析了全球变暖情景下黄河上游唐乃亥以上流域温度、降水和径流的变化状况, 并采用假定气候组合对未来数十年黄河上游唐乃亥以上流域的径流变化进行了预测. 结果表明: 黄河上游的温度与全球变暖有着明显的对应关系, 近几十年来, 流域各个地方的温度有不同程度的上升. 降水变化因流域各地所处位置、地势、地形的不同而差异较大, 受温度上升和主要产流区域降水大幅减少的影响, 近10余年来黄河上游的径流量呈持续递减的态势. 在未来几十年, 如果遭遇到气温升幅与降水减幅较大的"暖-干"气候组合时, 流域产水量将有较大的减幅; 当气温变化不大而降水增幅较大时, 流域产水量将有明显的增加, 同时由于冰雪及冻土融水的补给, 此气候情景下黄河上游唐乃亥以上流域径流量的增幅还将略大于降水量的增幅.     

造成大浪淀水库富营养化主要因子及变化规律分析

水资源短缺是全球普遍关注的问题,水质恶化更加剧了这一问题的严重性.本文针对河北省大浪淀水库投入运营后水质变化的情况,论述了水体产生富营养化的原因及危害,分析了影响大浪淀水库水质的主要因子及其变化规律,提出了改善水体环境、提高饮用水质量的防治方法.     

广西岩溶堆积型铝土矿矿床特征

岩溶堆积型铝土矿床是我国华南特有的一种新的铝土矿矿床类型,该类型矿床与其他铝土矿床相比存在较大的特殊性,其特殊性的表现随着勘探阶段的深入,得到了不断的归纳、论述,文章根据矿床地质勘探工作和矿山建成后多年生产(基建)勘探成果和矿山生产实际,就该矿床表现出的特殊性进行了分析研究,提出了新的认识.