成都地区雨滴谱特征

选取成都信息工程学院气象观测场LNM激光雨滴谱仪获得的2009—2011年175次降水过程的观测资料,依据产生降水云的性质进行统计分类,基于微物理特征参量讨论了成都地区积云、积层混合云以及层状云降水雨滴谱的总体特征,同时结合3个典型个例的微结构参量进行对比分析。结果表明:成都地区积云降水和积层混合云降水的雨滴谱比层状云宽且雨滴数密度比层状云多,特别是在大雨滴和甚小雨滴部分;4种反映雨滴谱特性的特征直径从大到小依次为积云降水、积层混合云降水、层状云降水;成都地区层状云降水的雨强主要来自于小雨滴,而积云降水和积层混合云降水的雨强主要来自于大雨滴;雨强取决于大雨滴的数量,小雨滴贡献率与雨强呈负相关,中数体积直径对雨强变化有一定指示作用。对成都地区雨滴谱特征的研究,有利于进一步了解该地区降水的微物理特性及成雨机制,为降水数值预报工作积累资料和经验。     

双线偏振雷达测雨公式的对比分析

以滴谱理论为基础,用模拟雨滴谱分布的方法,讨论了雨滴主普变化以及降水强度变化对双线偏振雷达测雨式的影响,分析了双线偏振雷达测雨式优于普通雷达的原因,进而对回归所得双线偏振雷达各测雨式的测雨精度进行了对比分析,提出子双线偏振雷达各测雨式中的最佳测雨式。     

风廓线雷达和雨滴谱仪资料在北京一次弱雨雪天气中的特征分析

利用北京市海淀区风廓线雷达、OTT Parsivel 2多功能激光雨滴谱仪和自动气象站观测资料,对2016年11月20日北京一次雨雪天气过程的演变特征进行了初步分析。结果表明:(1)风廓线(低模式)雷达反射率因子与雨滴谱仪反射率因子序列的变化趋势一致。当风廓线雷达反射率因子亮带消失后,雨滴谱反射率因子序列出现先降后升的小幅波动,降水相态转为降雪。(2)降水相态发生雨雪转换时,风廓线雷达谱宽600 m高度分散的大值区减弱并随高度降低后,雨滴谱仪数浓度出现先降后升的小幅度波动。(3)本次弱降水相态转换发生时,风廓线雷达所探测的垂直径向速度变化不明显,而雨滴谱仪降雨强度变化却有明显减弱特征,其雨强由5 mm·h^-1下降至1 mm·h^-1左右,这对临近降水相态变化的监测预报有一定指示意义。     

一次中小尺度强降水火箭增雨作业效果评估

分析了2003年7月23夜间至24日,衡水市受副热带高压外围强西南气流及弱冷空气共同作用下出现的一次小尺度强雷雨天气。介绍了实施火箭人工催化增雨作业情况,在作业同时进行了雨量、雨滴谱、雷达和闪电定位观测,利用常规天气图资料、雷达观测资料、闪电定位仪和雨滴谱、雨量等观测资料,对此次天气过程进行了分析,并采用作业区和非作业区对比的方法,就增雨效果从雨量、雨滴谱及秩和检验(Wilcoxon氏法)等方面进行了效果分析,结果显示:在局地强对流云系含水量丰沛,云顶高度高,云层温度低,过冷水区浓厚,同时垂直风切变有利于AgI粒子的结晶和扩散时,作业时机宜选择在降雨初期云中能量聚集尚未释放时,可进一步提高增雨作业效果。     

一次层状云降水空中地面雨滴谱特征观测研究

利用2010年5月27日,祁县、介休一次层状云降水过程中地面、空中观测的雨滴谱资料,分析了山西层状云降水过程中地面、空中雨滴谱特征,并对地面和空中雨滴谱进行比较。     

广东地区一次飑线过程的地面雨滴谱特征分析

利用3台二维视频雨滴谱仪(2DVD)、广州S波段双偏振雷达以及C-FMCW雷达资料,分析广东地区2017年5月8日一次飑线过程不同降水部位的雨滴谱特征。根据雨强随时间变化,区分对流降水区,同时以对流降水区为分界线,将此次飑线过程划分为飑线前部、飑线中部和飑线后部。结果表明,飑线不同降水部位雨滴谱特征存在明显的差别。飑线前部,粒子谱分布变化剧烈,中小粒径的粒子居多,粒子数浓度较飑线中部偏低;飑线中部,粒子分布较分散,中等粒子比重较高,粒子数浓度最高,雨强的增加主要与雨滴数浓度有关;飑线后部,降水粒子分布较集中,且以高浓度中小粒子为主。另外,还研究了μ-Λ关系和Z-R关系。μ-Λ之间存在较好的二项式关系;不同降水部位Z-R关系差异较大,分别为Z=8.94R2.70、Z=526.98R1.22和Z=467.56R1.42。飑线不同部位雨滴谱演变特征存在一些明显差别,同时,同一部位不同空间位置也存在着一定的差异。      

双基地偏振雷达探测时小旋转椭球雨滴的侧向散射特性

从旋转椭球粒子散射理论出发,给出单个小旋转椭球雨滴在入射不同偏振波时的散射函数,并对其在不同仰角情况的数学图形和物理意义做了讨论,为推导基于椭球雨滴群的双基地偏振雷达方程、研究椭球雨滴群对双基地线偏振雷达探测能力的影响、处理和分析双基地偏振雷达资料,提供了理论依据.     

Experimental comparison of some techniques for estimating natural raindrop size distribution on the south coast of the Caspian Sea,Iran

Abstract

Knowledge of the relationship between rainfall intensity and kinetic energy and its variations in time and space is important for the prediction of erosion hazard. Kinetic energy and erosivity are also strongly controlled by raindrop size. However, studies on raindrop measurement and different practical techniques have been rarely documented. The current study therefore aimed to apply existing raindrop-size measurement techniques—the photographic, flour-pellet and stain methods, as well as an innovative flour-stain method—and to evaluate their applicability at several intensities in Mazandaran Province, Iran. The distribution of raindrop size obtained by the different methods was recorded and compared with those obtained through applying a high-speed imaging technique. All the analyses were made with the help of a SPSS software package. The results showed that the raindrop diameters ranged from 0.2 to 5.16 mm at different rainfall intensities. Statistical comparison of the methods using the Duncan test showed that the flour-pellet method presented similar results to the photographic technique; it was concluded that this can be used as a practical and inexpensive method to estimate a wide range of raindrop sizes.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz

Citation Sadeghi, S.H., Abdollahi, Z., and Khaledi Darvishan, A., 2013. Experimental comparison of some techniques for estimating natural raindrop size distribution on the south coast of the Caspian Sea, Iran. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (6), 1374–1382.     

Runoff and sediment yields from under‐canopy shrubs in a biocrusted dunefield

Known also as ‘islands of fertility’, under‐canopy habitats in arid and semiarid regions experience reduced radiation, milder temperatures, lower evaporation, higher organic matter and sometimes even high‐biomass biocrusts. By shielding the soil from direct raindrop impact (and thus preventing the formation of a physical crust (PC)), but providing longer surface wetness duration that facilitate longer biocrust activity, the under‐canopy habitat affects runoff and subsequently sediment yield. In an attempt to evaluate the shrub role in runoff and sediment yields on biocrusted surfaces that lack PC, triplicate plots were established and monitored in the Nizzana Research Site (NRS) during 1990–1995 at the under‐canopy of (a) undisturbed biocrust (CUC), (b) disturbed (rodent pits and tunnels) biocrust (DUC) and (c) on non‐shaded biocrust that served as control (COT). The data showed high variability in between the plots, with runoff and sediment yields following the pattern COT > CUC > DUC. However, while significant differences characterized the sediment yields of DUC and COT and CUC and COT, only DUC yielded significantly lower amounts of runoff than COT, while runoff at COT and CUC did not exhibit significant differences. Multiple regression analysis showed that biocrust cover and weighed chlorophyll best explained runoff yield. Overall, runoff of all plots yielded a significant high correlation with the biocrust cover (r² = 0.91) and weighed chlorophyll content (r² = 0.77), with significantly high correlation being also obtained between runoff and sediment yields (r² = 0.74). It is concluded that unlike non‐biocrusted surfaces where shrubs may affect runoff yield by preventing the formation of PC and thus runoff generation, high‐biomass biocrust at NRS acts to compensate for the absence of PC and may yield, during certain events, comparable amounts of runoff to that of non‐shaded habitats. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种激光雨滴谱仪小雨滴检测方法

针对激光雨滴谱仪中接收端信号非常微弱、小雨滴信号容易受噪声干扰的特点,为提高系统的信噪比和小雨滴检测能力,基于微弱信号检测原理,优化前端模拟电路设计,采用数字锁相放大(DLIA)技术,构建了以OMAP3530的DSP Core为核心的数字锁相放大器.系统结构简单、易于实现,可以避免模拟器件的零漂、非线性等问题.仿真结果表明:这种数字锁相放大器能实现微弱信号的恒定放大,抑制了对带外噪声的放大,提高了信噪比(SNR),能有效提高激光雨滴谱仪的小雨滴检测能力.