利用激光雨滴谱仪检验消（减）雨作业效果

为了有效地检验人工影响效果,设计了地面火箭和飞机催化作业方案,分析了2009年秋季的雨滴谱观测资料。计算了火箭作业点相对于激光雨滴谱仪的距离和方位,为了便于实际作业指挥中的灵活应用,将结果标注在多普勒雷达的地图上。分析了10次降水过程共5338min的雨滴浓度资料。结果显示,秋季积层混合云的雨滴浓度小于500个的占87.6%,而大于3000个的浓度出现几率很低,不同过程雨滴浓度分布有明显差别;2009年10月16日降水过程出现最大雨滴浓度6003个,部分原因可能与火箭消减雨催化作业有关。     

Dependence of shrub canopy water storage on raindrop size in revegetated desert

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate canopy water storage (CWS) of the co-dominant shrubs in the revegetation of sand dunes in northwest China. Our results indicated that CWS differed among the xerophyte taxa studied. The average CWS increased exponentially with decreased raindrop size. The time course of CWS in terms of leaf area indicated that Artemisia ordosica attains its peak value of 0.48 mm within 170 min. The corresponding values for Caragana korshinskii and Hedysarum scoparium were 0.38 mm and 178 min, and 0.32 mm and 161 min, respectively, implying that A. ordosica had a higher CWS than C. korshinskii and H. scoparium. Dry biomass was a desirable predictor for estimation of CWS for C. korshinskii and H. scoparium, and shrub volume for A. ordosica. Our results show that the dependence of CWS on raindrop size varied in accordance with the shrub canopy structure.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz     

Field and computer simulation experiments on the formation of desert pavement

A series of rainfall simulation experiments was carried out at the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, Tombstone, Arizona (31° 43′N, 110° 41′W), to observe the speed at which desert pavement surfaces could be re-established following disturbance. The results of these experiments, which consisted of repeated, 5 min rainfall events, demonstrate that pavements can reform within 10 events, which is compatible with observations of the recovery of surfaces under natural rainfall on an annual cycle. A model for the development of pavements by raindrop erosion processes had previously shown the importance of these processes. The rainfall simulation experiments were used to test the general applicability of this model. The model was able to reproduce the general characteristics of the regenerated surfaces and the timing of their development. However, details of the particle size fractions produced were less well simulated by the model. Testing of the sensitivity of the model to the sediment transport parameters suggests that this problem is not related to the soil characteristics, but is more likely to be an indication of a poor understanding of all the feedbacks operating in the raindrop erosion processes. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

江西一次冰雹过程的S波段双偏振雷达回波特征分析

2020年3月21—23日江西省出现一次冰雹伴随短时强降水过程,3月21日夜间出现的冰雹天气是在西南气流暖湿强迫背景下产生的,22日中午前后的降雹属于显著冷暖平流导致的斜压锋生类强对流天气。利用常规气象观测资料以及南昌双偏振雷达资料,重点对此次过程强对流云系中水凝物相态演变进行了分析。结果表明：冰雹特征（反射率因子<Z_H>60 dBz,差分反射率Z_DR<0 dB）首先出现在0℃层高度区域,后向上向下发展,由于22日当天干球、湿球0℃层高度均在3.8 km左右,融化层厚度小、高度低,且地面温度>20℃,冰雹在下降过程中Z_DR和差分相位率K_DP由负值逐渐转为正值,零阶滞后相关系数C_C逐渐加大至0.9以上,但某些时刻仍具有大冰雹特征（Z_DR<0,C_C<0.9）,表明冰雹在下落过程中出现融化形成外包水膜的小冰雹或大雨滴,但仍有部分大冰雹落地。三体散射现象持续时间长,对应Z_DR具有较大坡度,显示其正值到负值突变,C_C呈现非气象回波特征。冰雹粒子特征主要为Z_H>60 dBz、Z_DR<0dB、C_C<0及K_DP趋近于零,当存在大冰雹时Z_DR<0、C_C<0.9;对比短时强降水时发现Z_DR≥1 dB、K_DP≥1°·km^-1并呈现出随Z_H增大而增大的特征,C_C主要在0.95～1之间,表明强降水主要由大雨滴造成,因此通过双偏振特征变化可判断冰雹向强降水过程的转换。     

Physically based modelling of sediment generation and transport under a large rainfall simulator

A series of large rainfall simulator experiments was conducted in 2002 and 2003 on a small plot located in an experimental catchment in the North Island of New Zealand. These experiments measured both runoff and sediment transport under carefully controlled conditions. A physically based hydrological modelling system (SHETRAN) was then applied to reproduce the observed hydrographs and sedigraphs. SHETRAN uses physically based equations to represent flow and sediment transport, and two erodibility coefficients to model detachment of soil particles by raindrop erosion and overland flow erosion. The rate of raindrop erosion also depended on the amount of bare ground under the simulator; this was estimated before each experiment. These erodibility coefficients were calibrated systematically for summer and winter experiments separately, and lower values were obtained for the summer experiments. Earlier studies using small rainfall simulators in the vicinity of the plot also found the soil to be less erodible in summer and autumn. Limited validation of model parameters was carried out using results from a series of autumn experiments. The modelled suspended sediment load was also sensitive to parameters controlling the generation of runoff from the rainfall simulator plot; therefore, we found that accurate runoff predictions were important for the sediment predictions, especially from the experiments where the pasture cover was good and overland flow erosion was the dominant mechanism. The rainfall simulator experiments showed that the mass of suspended sediment increased post‐grazing, and according to the model this was due to raindrop detachment. The results indicated that grazing cattle or sheep on steeply sloping hill‐country paddocks should be carefully managed, especially in winter, to limit the transport of suspended sediment into watercourses. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三类降水云雨滴谱特征研究

利用GBPP-100型地面雨滴谱仪在沈阳夏季测得的积云、层状云和积层混合云的降水资料，分析了三类云降水雨滴谱的谱型、微结构参量及其短时变化特征。     

福建安溪雨滴谱特征

雨滴谱观测对理解云-降水物理过程和提高雷达降水估测等有重要意义,利用福建安溪2017—2020年雨滴谱资料,研究不同季节和不同类型的雨滴谱特征和差异,提出该地区降水的雷达反射率因子与降水强度(Z-R)关系和形状参数与斜率参数(μ -Λ)关系,并与国内其他典型地区进行对比。结果表明：福建安溪雨滴谱季节差异明显,整体上夏季雨滴粒径最大、总数浓度最高,冬季粒径最小,春季总数浓度最低; 随粒径增大,四季雨滴数浓度季节变化与台湾省桃园市相似,但小雨滴数浓度存在差异。与华东和华北地区相比,福建安溪夏季层状云小雨滴数浓度更高,中大雨滴数浓度则与华东地区较为一致; 夏季对流云小雨滴数浓度与华北地区接近,中雨滴数浓度则与华东地区接近,大雨滴数浓度则介于两个地区之间。夏季福建安溪层状云和对流云降水的Z-R关系与台湾省桃园市得到的结果较为吻合; 斜率参数Λ大于2.5 mm-1时,福建安溪的形状参数μ值与美国佛罗里达地区的结果十分相近。     

一次层状云降水空中地面雨滴谱特征观测研究

利用2010年5月27日,祁县、介休一次层状云降水过程中地面、空中观测的雨滴谱资料,分析了山西层状云降水过程中地面、空中雨滴谱特征,并对地面和空中雨滴谱进行比较。     

The influence of rain intensity on raindrop diameter and the kinetics of tropical rainfall: case study of Skudai,Malaysia

ABSTRACT

The modelling of soil loss and investigation of urban hydrology and wet weather pollution in Malaysia requires the definition of rainfall parameters for the region. In this study, an inexpensive method was applied to establish the influence of raindrop diameter on kinetics and rain intensity in Skudai, Peninsular Malaysia, as a prelude to wider regional research. Raindrop sizes vary from less than 1.2 mm to as big as 7.0 mm, with median raindrop diameters of 2.51 mm and a mean diameter of 2.56 mm. The median raindrop diameter–intensity relationship correlates strongly using power and exponential equations, with coefficients of determination of 0.75 and 0.73, respectively. The kinetic energy–intensity relationship fits an exponential function and also a linear equation with R² values of 0.49 and 0.34, respectively. An average rain kinetic energy of 30 J m^-2 mm^-1 was recorded. This research leads to an objective reclassification of rainfall intensities in the region.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor not assigned     

Application of piezoelectric transducers in simulated rainfall erosivity assessment

Abstract

Rainfall simulators have often been used to mimic natural rainfall for studies of various land-surface and water interaction processes. The characteristics of the simulated rainfall are the main indicators used to judge the performance of the rainfall simulators. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of piezoelectric transducers for measuring and evaluating a dripper-type simulated rainfall drop-size distribution (DSD) and kinetic energy (KE). The directly measured KE was significantly correlated with the estimated KE using the drop-size distribution and empirical rain drop fall velocity relationships. This result emphasizes the potential use of the piezoelectric sensor to directly measure and evaluate rainfall kinetic energy. Also, the relationship between rainfall intensity and KE showed good patterns of agreement between simulated rainfall and natural rainfall.

Citation Abd Elbasit, M. A. M., Yasuda, H. & Salmi, A. (2011) Application of piezoelectric transducers in simulated rainfall erosivity assessment. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(1), 187–194.