缓坡坡面径流在土粒分散阶段的作用

通过水文及水力理论 ,采用微积分方法推得超渗产流模式下 ,均匀降雨在平整坡面单位面积上产生的径流能量为(ρg/ 4)Lqsin2θ ;在 3°～ 15°坡面上 ,模拟黄土高原暴雨的特征雨强 (0 8mm/min～ 4 0mm/min) ,控制相同水量 ,分别以径流形式及降雨形式及降雨形式作用于 1m× 1m坡面小区 ,测量其产生的分散土粒量 ,发现坡度对分散量的影响远大于径流的影响 ,雨滴击溅产生的松散颗粒占总分散量的百分数随坡度增大呈下降趋势 ,径流产生的则恰相反 ,随坡度增大呈上升趋势 ,从6°时的 2 0 %上升为 15°时的 70 % ,说明其存在一个两者相等的临界坡度 (在实验条件下约为 2 1°) ,坡度大于这个值 ,径流的冲刷量将大于雨滴的击溅量     

Wind effects on sediment transport by raindrop‐impacted shallow flow: a wind‐tunnel study

In wind‐driven rains, wind velocity and direction are expected to affect not only energy input of rains but also shallow ?ow hydraulics by changing roughness induced by raindrop impacts with an angle on ?ow and the unidirectional splashes in the wind direction. A wind‐tunnel study under wind‐driven rains was conducted to determine the effects of horizontal wind velocity and direction on sediment transport by the raindrop‐impacted shallow ?ow. Windless rains and the rains driven by horizontal wind velocities of 6 m s^?1, 10 m s^?1, and 14 m s^?1 were applied to three agricultural soils packed into a 20 by 55 cm soil pan placed on both windward and leeward slopes of 7 per cent, 15 per cent, and 20 per cent. During each rainfall application, sediment and runoff samples were collected at 5‐min intervals at the bottom edge of the soil pan with wide‐mouth bottles and were determined gravimetrically. Based on the interrill erosion mechanics, kinetic energy ?ux (E_rn) as a rainfall parameter and product of unit discharge and slope in the form of q^bS^c_o as a ?ow parameter were used to explain the interactions between impact and ?ow parameters and sediment transport (q_s). The differential sediment transport rates occurred depending on the variation in raindrop trajectory and rain intensity with the wind velocity and direction. Flux of rain energy computed by combining the effects of wind on the velocity, frequency, and angle of raindrop impact reasonably explained the characteristics of wind‐driven rains and acceptably accounted for the differences in sediment delivery rates to the shallow ?ow transport (R₂ ≥ 0·78). Further analysis of the Pearson correlation coef?cients between E_rn and qS_o and q_s also showed that wind velocity and direction signi?cantly affected the hydraulics of the shallow ?ow. E_rn had a smaller correlation coef?cient with the q_s in windward slopes where not only reverse splashes but also reverse lateral raindrop stress with respect to the shallow ?ow direction occurred. However, E_rn was as much effective as qS_o in the sediment transport in the leeward slopes where advance splashes and advance lateral raindrop stress on the ?ow occurred. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Number and volume raindrop size distributions in Taiwan

Knowledge of rainfall characteristics is very important for the accurate estimation of rainfall kinetic energy and prediction of soil erosion. In this study, a reliable and efficient data collection and analysis system was developed to analyse the natural raindrop data collected in subtropical Taiwan. Both raindrop size distributions by number and volume were carefully analysed. The seasonal variations of the rainfall erosivity factor R, which is an index of the erosive potential of rainfall and a function of rainfall kinetic energy, was also discussed. An isoerodent map of Taiwan was also developed based on the rainfall data recorded by 158 automated rainfall‐measuring stations within 26 years. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地面雨滴谱观测技术及特征研究进展

雨滴谱是反映降水微观物理过程和宏观动力结构的主要指标之一.通过分析雨色斑滴谱,可以深入了解降水的发展和演变过程,揭示降水机制.传统雨滴谱测量包括动力学法、滤纸色斑法、面粉团法、快速摄影法和浸润法等,但是普遍存在精度低、工作量大、实时性差、成本高及无法自动完成测量分类等缺点.以雨滴谱仪为代表的新型雨滴谱测量技术包括冲击雨滴谱仪、光学雨滴谱仪和声学雨滴谱仪以及雷达技术等克服了这些缺点,在降水粒子观测和降水物理研究中发挥了重要的作用.综合概述了描述雨滴谱的主要分布模型及其适用条件.归纳分析了不同降水云系(对流云、层状云和层积云降水)、不同降水类型(大陆云和海洋云降水)及不同高度处观测的降水的雨滴谱特征.从学科发展趋势和社会需求的角度,概述了有关雨滴谱研究中存在的主要问题和发展趋势.     

山东三类降水云雨滴谱分布特征的观测研究

利用激光雨滴谱仪2009年8月—2010年10月观测获取的滴谱资料,分析了山东省三类云降水雨滴微结构参量特征及滴谱随降水过程的演变特征。按照降水云系不同分别对各微物理参量进行比较,结果表明,各值由大到小排序依次均为积雨云、混合云和层状云。三类云降水过程中雨强与雨滴数浓度和最大直径间存在较好的相关关系;层状云和混合云降水以直径小于2 mm的雨滴为主,而积雨云降水以1~3 mm的雨滴对雨强贡献最大。层状云降水雨滴谱很窄,呈单峰或双峰型;积雨云降水雨滴谱宽,在大滴端呈多峰结构;混合云降水谱宽介于前两者之间。另外,统计得到该地区三类云降水的Z-I关系式,为雷达定量测量降水提供了一定的参考。     

Application of an optical disdrometer to characterize simulated rainfall and measure drop-size distribution

ABSTRACT

Knowledge of rainfall characteristics such as drop-size distribution is essential for the development of erosion-mitigation strategies and models. This research used an optical disdrometer to elucidate the relationships between raindrop-size distribution, median volume drop diameter (D₅₀), kinetic energy and radar reflectivity (dBz) of simulated rainfall of different intensities. The D₅₀ values were higher for the simulated rain than for natural rain at almost all rainfall intensities, perhaps due to variations in rainfall types and the turbulence in natural rain that breaks up large drops. The kinetic energy ranged from 26.67 to 5955.51 J m^?2 h ^?1, while the median volume drop diameter (D₅₀) was in the range 1.94–7.25 mm, for intensities between 1.5 and 202.6 mm h^?1. The relationship between radar reflectivity (Z) and the intensity (R) of the simulated rain was best described by a power law function (Z = aR^b), with a and b coefficients in the ranges 162–706 and 0.94–2.46, respectively, throughout the range of rainfall intensities (1.5–202.6 mm h^?1).     

激光雨滴谱仪测速误差对雨滴谱分布的影响

该文研究PARSIVEL激光雨滴谱仪的测量误差并提出订正方法。对2014年在广东阳江的PARSIVEL激光雨滴谱仪采集的两次降水过程数据进行分析发现,雨滴下落速度V随粒径D变化与静止大气中雨滴下落末速度随粒径变化的Atlas-Ulbrich曲线分布趋势一致,但D < 1 mm及D > 3 mm的速度偏差较大。其主要原因是大粒径雨滴形变造成速度偏离较大,仪器测量误差造成小粒径测速偏大,激光雨滴谱仪所在高度的大气垂直运动影响雨滴下落速度。根据PARSIVEL激光雨滴谱仪测量原理,基于雨滴形变与粒径关系,给出形变订正后的Atlas-Ulbrich修正曲线,并用于对小粒径测速订正。比较订正前后的雨滴谱分布,订正后的小雨滴浓度明显增加,大雨滴浓度略有减小,订正后浓度参数和斜率参数均增加,形状参数变化不明显。     

空中、地面雨滴谱特征的观测分析

利用1982年7月9日宁夏银川站的一次层状云降水过程中地面、空中观测的雨滴谱资料,分析了宁夏地区层状云降水过程中地面、空中的雨滴谱特征,并对地面和空中雨滴谱进行对比。结果表明：地面雨滴谱以指数型为主（61.9%）,空中雨滴谱以多峰型为主（86.4%）;对于空中、地面雨滴平均谱,Gamma分布拟合的相关系数更高;地面雨滴谱中小滴较多,空中雨滴谱中大滴较多,可能受到碰并、蒸发、破碎的共同影响。研究地面雷达反射率因子Z、雨水含量W、雨滴数浓度N与雨强I的关系,Z-I关系和W-I关系的相关性很好,而N-I、N0-I、λ-I关系的相关性不是很好。     

Parsivel与LNM激光雨滴谱仪降水观测的差异

为研究Parsivel与LNM两种激光雨滴谱仪观测性能的差异,通过分析北京南郊观象台试验场地的两台激光雨滴谱仪2014年7—11月(北方雨季条件下123天)的观测数据,并辅以同期的人工观测作为参考标准,将上述两种设备的累积降水量、起止时间、粒子采样信息等采集数据进行对比。分析结果表明:LNM激光雨滴谱仪较Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪的反映时间短,总是提早观测到降水现象的发生。Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪粒子等级信息较为丰富,同一降水过程中,Parsivel输出的粒子直径比LNM大。在降水量方面,两台设备与翻斗雨量计的结果基本一致,但累积降水量大于10mm时,LNM累积降水量的输出值明显大于Parsivel。