新疆天山山区降雨的微物理结构特征

使用GBPP-100型雨滴谱仪,于2001年6月12日至7月31日在天山北坡的小渠子气象站和牧业气象试验站,对27次降雨过程进行了雨滴谱观测,共获取了4 719个雨滴谱样本。通过观测资料分析新疆中天山山区积状云、层状云、积状-层状混合云降雨的微物理结构特征。观测分析表明,天山山区降雨雨滴的平均直径0.41~0.55 mm,以积状云最大,混合云次之,层状云最小。最大平均直径0.88~1.12 mm、平均雨强1.18~2.78 mm·h^-1、平均含水量5.23~11.62 g·m^-3,混合云的这三个特征量均为最大。三类云的雨强与数密度呈正相关。积状云、层状云降雨的雨滴谱服从M-P分布,混合云服从Γ分布。由于山区地形的作用,使云中降雨粒子的生长时间受到限制,天山山区降雨小滴浓度高、尺度小,人工降雨潜力大。     

一次典型积层混合云降水过程雨滴谱特征

利用激光雨滴谱仪观测到的资料,对2009年8月29日山东省一次典型积层混合云降水过程中雨滴谱特征进行了分析。结果表明:降水强度主要取决于最大雨滴直径,与雨滴浓度也呈正相关性,而与平均直径的关系甚微;本次降水过程中雨滴平均谱以双峰和多峰结构为主,在0.5mm左右处存在峰值;Г分布各拟合参数随时间起伏变化趋势一致,强降水时段中各拟合参数起伏变化缓慢,各值基本保持在同一水平;建立了雷达回波强度与降水强度之间的相关关系。     

南京机场降水低能见度雨滴谱特征

对不同种降水对能见度的影响进行研究.选取连续性降水天气和雷暴天气两次过程的雨滴谱资料,计算后发现雷暴降水出现低能见度的雨滴谱较宽,而连续性降水雨滴谱的分布窄.粒子浓度和能见度呈反相关,在粒子浓度降低时能见度值有迅速的好转.在低能见度阶段小粒子的含量明显偏大些,1 mm以下的小粒子浓度对能见度的影响最大,其次是1～2 mm的小粒子,小粒子的高浓度对应着低能见度.出现降水并低能见度的时段时各特征量均为相对高值,能见度好转后突变转好并振荡,呈现相关.计算能见度在高粒子浓度和低能见度时与实测能见度接近.     

STUDY ON RADAR-RADIOMETER SYSTEM AND ITS RAINFALL OBSERVATION*

In order to improve the accuracy of the rainfall measurement,a radar-radiometer system has been developed.It could be used to measure the distribution of the rainfall intensity aLld the variation of area rainfall.In field experiment,the accuracy of the rainfall measurement was imporved.In this paper,the error of rainfall measurement by radar will be evaluated and the methods to improve the accuracy of the rainfall measurement will be discussed.     

雨滴谱降水现象仪综合测试系统设计

针对目前国内对雨滴谱降水现象自动观测仪常用标定方法存在的问题:只能模拟一种标准的粒子直径和速度;可以测量粒子的直径但是不能准确测量粒子的速度;只能模拟直径较小的粒子;仅能模拟球状降水粒子无法模拟其他形状的降水粒子;无法涵盖各种类型降水的粒子直径和速度等等。根据气象业务需求,本文从模拟降水粒子设计依据、雨滴谱降水现象仪综合测试系统构成、降水粒子直径与下落速度模拟测量方法和测量精度等诸方面详细阐述一种新型的雨滴谱降水现象仪综合测试系统,并通过对涵盖多种类型降水的不同直径和速度的粒子进行模拟试验,检测其测量的精确性,为国内对雨滴谱降水现象自动观测仪的标定和检测提供一定的借鉴和参考。     

Statistical Characteristics of Raindrop Size Distribution in the South China Monsoon Region (Guangdong Province)

While heavy rainfall frequently takes place in southern China during summer monsoon seasons,quantitative precipitation forecast skills are relatively poor.Therefore,detailed knowledge about the raindrop size distribution(DSD)is useful in improving the quantitative precipitation estimation and forecast.Based on the data during 2018-2022 from 86stations in a ground-based optical disdrometer measurement network,the characteristics of the DSD in Guangdong province are investigated in terms of the pa...     

Statistical Characteristics of Raindrop Size Distribution in the Tibetan Plateau and Southern China

The characteristics of raindrop size distribution(DSD) over the Tibetan Plateau and southern China are studied in this paper, using the DSD data from April to August 2014 collected by HSC-PS32 disdrometers in Nagqu and Yangjiang, comprising a total of 9430 and 6366 1-min raindrop spectra, respectively. The raindrop spectra, characteristics of parameter variations with rainfall rate, and the relationships between reflectivity factor(Z) and rainfall rate(R) are analyzed, as well as their DSD changes with precipitation type and rainfall rate. The results show that the average raindrop spectra appear to be one-peak curves, the number concentration for larger drops increase significantly with rainfall rate, and its value over southern China is much higher, especially in convective rain. Standardized Gamma distributions better describe DSD for larger drops, especially for convective rain in southern China. All three Gamma parameters for stratiform precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau are much higher, while its shape parameter(μ) and mass-weighted mean diameter(D_m), for convective precipitation, are less. In terms of parameter variation with rainfall rate, the normalized intercept parameter(N_w) over the Tibetan Plateau for stratiform rain increases with rainfall rate, which is opposite to the situation in convective rain. The μover the Tibetan Plateau for stratiform and convective precipitation types decreases with an increase in rainfall rate, which is opposite to the case for D m variation. In Z–R relationships, like "Z = AR~b", the coefficient A over the Tibetan Plateau is smaller, while its b is higher, when the rain type transfers from stratiform to convective ones. Furthermore, with an increase in rainfall rate, parameters A and b over southern China increase gradually, while A over the Tibetan Plateau decreases substantially, which differs from the findings of previous studies. In terms of geographic location and climate over the Tibetan Plateau and southern China, the precipitation in the pre-flood seasons is dominated by strong convective rain, while weak convective rain occurs frequently in northern Tibet with lower humidity and higher altitude.     

黄山雨滴下落过程滴谱变化特征

利用2011—2012年4—10月安徽省黄山山顶和山底两个站点同时采集的雨滴谱数据,共选取17个降水个例,将17个降水个例分为对流云降水和层云降水,对不同高度和不同云系降水雨滴谱特征分析得出以下结论:对于不同云系的降水,山顶平均雨滴数浓度大于山底,平均峰值直径和平均质量半数直径在下落过程中均增加,平均雨强和平均雷达反射率因子变化幅度较小。不同云系的雨滴在下落过程中,雨滴谱谱宽变化较小,但雨滴谱均从M-P (Marshall-Palmer) 分布转向了Gamma分布。降水粒子在下落过程中,大部分通道的数浓度均出现损失,最大损失超过50%,随着粒子尺度增加损失逐渐减少,大粒子数浓度在降落时有所增加,增加幅度为10%左右,降水粒子的碰并和蒸发过程很可能是造成降水粒子下落过程中滴谱变化的两个主要原因。     

Design,manufacture and calibration of the SARI portable rainfall simulator for field and laboratory experiments

The Simulator of Artificial RaInfall (SARI) rainfall simulator (RS) is a newly designed, constructed and calibrated, portable, two-nozzle RS with low water consumption, accurate measurement, easy management and low cost. The raindrop size distribution and velocity and mean rainfall intensity were measured. The best rainfall spatial distribution was achieved with nozzles separated by 50, 60 and 70 cm, and with oscillation angles of 30, 45 and 60°, at a pressure of 60 kPa. The uniformity coefficient varied from 57 to 61% and rainfall intensity from 48 to 101 mm h^?1. The raindrop diameter varied from 0.2 to 9.9 mm. The raindrop velocity at the optimum pressure of 60 kPa, which was measured with high-speed photography, ranged from 1.1 to 7.1 m s^?1. Comparison with other RSs shows that the SARI simulator is a suitable apparatus to research soil erosion and runoff generation under laboratory and field conditions.