Feasibility Analysis of the Use of Binary Genetic Algorithms as Importance Samplers Application to a 1-D DC Resistivity Inverse Problem

DC resistivity inverse problems are ill-posed. For the Vertical Electrical Sounding method the acceptable solutions lie in very narrow elongated-shape regions in the model space. To characterize this ensemble of solutions is a central question. In a Bayesian framework this issue is solved adopting as solution the so-called model posterior probability distribution. However, due to the nonlinearity of the problem, this distribution is not explicitly known, or it is difficult to calculate. Therefore, algorithms that efficiently sample the model space according to it (importance sampling) are very desirable. The main goal of this paper is to numerically explore the performance of binary genetic algorithms as posterior importance sampling strategies. Their behavior will be firstly analyzed using 2D synthetic posterior test functions bearing the relevant properties of the real geo-electrical inverse problem. The conclusions will be again checked through the histogram reconstruction of parameters in a synthetic VES case, and eventually, in a real, higher dimensional, sea-water coastal intrusion problem, by comparing the results with those obtained with a theoretically correct Metropolis-Hasting importance sampler (simulated annealing without cooling). Percentile curves are introduced as an effective tool for risk assessment. We show that binary genetic algorithms perform well under very general assumptions. When the roulette wheel is the selection method used, mutation is over 10%, and the algorithm does not incorporate elitism. The results do not depend on the values of the remaining tuning parameters. Finally, to improve the efficiency of the sampling strategy, we introduce a binary genetic algorithm with oriented search space. This is done with the help of linearization of the forward operator and singular value decomposition around the maximum posterior estimate. It is shown, also, that the logarithmic model parameterization is adequate for this task.     

气球携带探空仪上升和降落伞携带探空仪下降的全程探空对比分析

开展气球携带探空仪上升和降落伞携带探空仪下降的探空仪观测试验,建立针对下投式的温度、湿度和气压试验评估方法。试验结果表明上升段的北斗温度、气压测量准确度与RS92基本相当,湿度差于RS92双加热湿度传感器;下降段的北斗温度测量准确度与下降段的RS92基本相当,气压由于快速下降对定位有一定影响从而导致气压误差较大,相对湿度误差基本上在5%以内,符合WMO的测量要求;与风廓线雷达进行时空匹配,上升段北斗风向测量准确度差于RS92,风速测量准确度明显优于RS92。试验同时还验证了气球携带探空仪上升和降落伞携带探空仪下降全程2次探空观测模式具有很好的应用前景,可以实现高空站网的时空加密。     

俄罗斯探空观测减少对GRAPES模式的影响分析

在观测资料同化系统中,探空资料是重要的资料之一。由于俄罗斯探空观测在2015年1月进行了调整,分别在0000UTC和1200UTC减少部分探空观测,为检验探空观测调整对GRAPES模式的影响,选取2014年1月从中国气象局国家气象信息中心数据库中检索到的探空资料进行了影响试验。从分析检验结果来看,俄罗斯探空站点减少后GRAPES模式对俄罗斯大部地区的风场分析变差,对其他地区风场分析影响不大;俄罗斯地区和东亚地区的高度场分析略有变好,这与缺失站点高度场观测质量有关。从500hPa高度预报场的距平相关系数变化来看,减少观测对东亚地区5d以后的预报略有改善,其他地区预报影响变化不大。     

大气红外探测器(AIRS)资料在塔克拉玛干沙漠的适用性检验与评估

由于沙漠恶劣的环境,观测站点稀少,塔克拉玛干沙漠地区的温度、湿度时空分布很难仅仅依靠少量的常规观测资料分析得到,高分辨率的大气红外探测器（AIRS）资料可有效弥补这个空缺。地形和地表发射率是影响AIRS反演温湿度廓线产品进度的两大要素,在塔里木盆地的塔克拉玛干沙漠地区使用AIRS温湿度产品必须首先对其质量进行检验。本研究主要对2016年7月1~15日晴空背景下AIRS反演的温度、位势高度、水汽数据在塔克拉玛干沙漠及周边绿洲地区在早晨和傍晚的可信度作了详细的对比分析。结果表明：（1） AIRS卫星资料集里的温度资料与探空数据有很好的吻合度。温度资料在沙漠腹地尚有较小偏差,在周边绿洲地区尤其是其中高层一致性较高。AIRS反演温度在沙漠腹地的塔中站在早晨各层的偏差明显大于傍晚,其余各站早晨和傍晚反演偏差不大。（2） AIRS卫星测得的位势高度资料几乎与探空资料的完全一致,是本对比研究中观测质量最好的要素,但AIRS探测层次能达到1 hPa,探测高度优于探空。（3）反演的湿度廓线与探空偏差较大。AIRS资料的混合比在300 hPa上的高层与探空吻合,在中层偏干,低层偏湿,低层水汽探测误差可能与盆地地形和沙漠下垫面有关。（4）早晨沙漠腹地的塔中站AIRS反演气温平均偏差在各层均比其余7个绿洲站明显偏大,在500 hPa以下的低层明显偏冷,在其上明显偏暖,偏暖幅度随高度的升高而增大。早晨绿洲AIRS反演温度在所有气压层上温度偏差绝对值均在1℃以内,均方根误差小于2℃,傍晚偏差绝对值在3℃以内,均方根误差在700 hPa以下的低层较高层大,700 hPa以上在3℃以内。绝对误差在早晨和傍晚均随高度的升高而减小,在100 hPa以上又有逆转,这种逆转在塔中站尤为明显。     

不同BDS星历反演大气可降水量精度分析

基于陕西地区3个GNSS观测站2018年1～6月数据,利用北斗卫星导航系统进行水汽反演。首先利用不同星历产品计算水汽结果,分别与利用IGF解算的水汽结果、探空数据探测结果进行比较;再将不同星历得到的水汽结果进行相互对比。结果表明,利用3种星历都能获得精度和可靠性较高的水汽结果,其中精密星历和快速星历反演水汽的精度相当,各测站偏差均优于1 mm,标准差和均方根误差均优于3.5 mm;利用超快速星历（预报部分）反演水汽在各测站的偏差约为1 mm,标准差和均方根误差均优于5 mm。综合3种产品反演水汽的对应精度可知,利用3种星历产品均可反演大气可降水量,且超快速星历（预报部分）计算的水汽值可为气象预报提供参考依据。     

地基微波辐射计反演水汽密度廓线精度分析

以探空水汽廓线为标准,对00:00UTC、12:00UTC北京南郊(39.93°E,116.28°N)观测站的微波辐射计水汽廓线与WRF(Weather ResearchForecasting Model)模拟的水汽廓线进行精度分析。结果表明,整体上WRF水汽密度接近探空,但在近地面处微波辐射计的更接近探空;水汽密度偏差在夏季较大冬季较小;微波辐射计的水汽密度在3km左右偏大,根据北京地区历史天气记录中有中云的天气较多的信息,推测可能是由于云对微波辐射计反演有影响。06:00UTC和18:00UTC以WRF水汽廓线为参考对微波辐射计的水汽廓线进行精度分析,得到的结果与00:00UTC和12:00UTC的类似。     

Antarctic Radiosonde Observations Reduce Uncertainties and Errors in Reanalyses and Forecasts over the Southern Ocean:An Extreme Cyclone Case

Cyclones with strong winds can make the Southern Ocean and the Antarctic a dangerous environment.Accurate weather forecasts are essential for safe shipping in the Southern Ocean and observational and logistical operations at Antarctic research stations.This study investigated the impact of additional radiosonde observations from Research Vessel"Shirase"over the Southern Ocean and Dome Fuji Station in Antarctica on reanalysis data and forecast experiments using an ensemble data assimilation system comprising the Atmospheric General Circulation Model for the Earth Simulator and the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter Experimental Ensemble Reanalysis,version 2.A 63-member ensemble forecast experiment was conducted focusing on an unusually strong Antarctic cyclonic event.Reanalysis data with(observing system experiment)and without(control)additional radiosonde data were used as initial values.The observing system experiment correctly captured the central pressure of the cyclone,which led to the reliable prediction of the strong winds and moisture transport near the coast.Conversely,the control experiment predicted lower wind speeds because it failed to forecast the central pressure of the cyclone adequately.Differences were found in cyclone predictions of operational forecast systems with and without assimilation of radiosonde observations from Dome Fuji Station.     

3种再分析资料的高空温度与中国探空温度资料的对比:年平均特征

利用中国105站的探空资料以及NCEP/NCAR、ERA和JRA 3种再分析资料,采用线性趋势、标准差、相关系数、EOF分析等多种统计分析方法,对再分析资料年平均的高空温度在中国区域的可信度进行了分析.研究表明:在数值上,3种再分析资料的高空温度均小于探空资料的高空温度,NCEP/NCAR资料在对流层上层更接近于探空资料,ERA和JRA资料则在对流层中下层与探空资料更为接近;在描述年际变化和长期变化趋势方面,ERA资料在我国北方的对流层上层的再现能力较好,NCEP/NCAR资料在我国南方的对流层上层的再现能力较好,而3种再分析资料在对流层中下层的再现能力相当;在时空变化特征方面,NCEP/NCAR和ERA资料能较好地表现高空温度的年代际变化特征,而ERA和JRA资料则能较好地表现年际变化特征.     

Impacts of Reference Time Series on the Homogenization of Radiosonde Temperature

Using radiosonde temperatures of 92 selected stations in China,the uncertainties in homogenization processes caused by different reference series,including nighttime temperature,the NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction) and ERA-40 (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) forecasting background,are examined via a two-phase regression approach.Although the results showed limited consistency in the temporal and spatial distribution of identified break points (BPs) in the context of metadata events of instrument model change and correction method,significant uncertainties still existed in BP identification,adjustment,and impact on the estimated trend.Reanalysis reference series generally led to more BP identification in homogenization.However,those differences were parts of global climatic shifts,which may have confused the BP calculations.Discontinuities also existed in the reanalysis series due to changes in the satellite input.The adjustment values deduced from the reanalysis series ranged widely and were larger than those from the nighttime series and,therefore,impacted the estimated temperature trend.     

中国GTS1-2型电子探空仪阳江国际比对结果分析

根据世界气象组织阳江第八届国际探空比对资料,对中国GTS1-2型探空仪系统开展了系统性评估。初步评估结果表明：GTS1-2型探空仪温度传感器系统偏差在0.2℃之内（高度在33 km以下）,标准偏差在1℃之内;气压传感器系统偏差在0.7 hPa之内,标准偏差在1 hPa之内;位势高度系统偏差在40 gpm之内,标准偏差在320 gpm之内;温度、气压、位势高度一致性较好,但是还需进一步改善高空辐射误差修正软件;湿度测量结果与其他国家有一定的差距,具体表现温度在-30℃～-50℃,时间常数明显增大,变化幅度变小,反应滞后;风向风速与GPS导航卫星定位测风的结果比较接近。