The Significant Role of Radiosonde-measured Cloud-base Height in the Estimation of Cloud Radiative Forcing

The satellite-based quantification of cloud radiative forcing remains poorly understood, due largely to the limitation or uncertainties in characterizing cloud-base height (CBH). Here, we use the CBH data from radiosonde measurements over China in combination with the collocated cloud-top height (CTH) and cloud properties from MODIS/Aqua to quantify the impact of CBH on shortwave cloud radiative forcing (SWCRF). The climatological mean SWCRF at the surface (SWCRF_SUR), at the top of the atmosphere (SWCRF_TOA), and in the atmosphere (SWCRF_ATM) are estimated to be ?97.14, ?84.35, and 12.79 W m^?2, respectively for the summers spanning 2010 to 2018 over China. To illustrate the role of the cloud base, we assume four scenarios according to vertical profile patterns of cloud optical depth (COD). Using the CTH and cloud properties from MODIS alone results in large uncertainties for the estimation of SWCRF_ATM, compared with those under scenarios that consider the CBH. Furthermore, the biases of the CERES estimation of SWCRF_ATM tend to increase in the presence of thick clouds with low CBH. Additionally, the discrepancy of SWCRF_ATM relative to that calculated without consideration of CBH varies according to the vertical profile of COD. When a uniform COD vertical profile is assumed, the largest SWCRF discrepancies occur during the early morning or late afternoon. By comparison, the two-point COD vertical distribution assumption has the largest uncertainties occurring at noon when the solar irradiation peaks. These findings justify the urgent need to consider the cloud vertical structures when calculating the SWCRF which is otherwise neglected.     

可降水份的误差分析

分析了由无线电探空数据计算可降水份中逼近误差和观测误差的影响,利用香港的无线电探空资料计算出逼近误差和观测误差的影响分别为 0.5mm和 1.2mm,两者的综合影响为 1.3mm。     

Current Status of Global Ocean Reanalysis Datasets

With the development of the ocean satellite remote sensing technology, the reanalysis of past oceanic observations using modern data assimilation technique and the restructuring of the long-term and consistent gridded data products have made great progress. Such datasets provide us with the most primary research tools to identify the state and evolution of ocean, and understand the role of ocean in climate change and variability at different spatial-temporal scales. In this paper, the current research status in the global reanalysis datasets including some of international global ocean reanalysis projects and the corresponding reanalyzed products were systematically reviewed. In addition, the present status of the domestic research of ocean reanalysis datasets was briefly introduced. The validation of the reanalysis datasets and some quality problems represented by the reanalyzed products, and the Ocean Reanalyses Intercomparison Project were systematically reviewed. Moreover, the prospects of the studies of oceanic reanalysis in the future were also discussed in this paper.     

GPCP和TRMM PR热带月平均降水的差异分析

文中利用GPCP(Global Precipitation Climatology Project)和TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Missio) PR(Precipitation Radar)资料,分析了1998～2002年热带地区月平均降水的差异及其主要原因.结果表明,GPCP和TRMM PR资料能一致地反映热带降水的主要分布特征,但降水的强度和范围存在着差异;两种资料的差异与雨强有密切关系;平均而言,洋面上的降水差异(0.5 mm/d)大于陆地上的差异(0.1 mm/d).微波发射信号(SSM/I E)的反演结果对洋面降水的高估和地面雨量计的缺乏,是造成两种资料间差异的主要原因.分析结果还表明,洋面上GPCP降水相对于PR降水的最大概率差异随雨强增大呈线性增大;陆地上这种差异则呈非线性关系.文中最后还利用最大概率函数对1979～1997年GPCP气候平均降水的误差进行了分析.     

COMPARISONS OF THE WEST PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND THE SOUTH ASIA HIGH BETWEEN NCEP/NCAR AND ECMWF REANALYSIS DATASETS

Comparisons of the west Pacific subtropical high with the South Asia High are made using the NCEP/NCAR and ECMWF 500 hPa and 100 hPa monthly boreal geopotential height fields for the period 1961 - 2000. Discrepancies are found for the time prior to 1980. The west Pacific subtropical high in the NCEP/NCAR data is less intense than in ECMWF data before 1980. The range and strength of the west Pacific subtropical high variation described by the NCEP/NCAR data are larger than those depicted by ECMWF data. The same situation appears in the 100-hPa geopotential field. These discoveries suggest that the interdecadal variation of the two systems as shown by the NCEP/NCAR data may not be true. Besides, the South Asia High center in the NCEP/NCAR data is obviously stronger than in the ECMWF data during the periods 1969, 1979 - 1991 and 1992 - 1995. Furthermore, the range is larger from 1992 to 1995.     

利用GPS的倾斜路径观测暴雨过程中的水汽空间分布

利用青藏高原地区COSMIC掩星资料反演的大气湿廓线WetPrf数据和8个站点的探空数据,分析了COSMIC反演大气廓线和可降水量与探空观测的偏差,并考查了偏差随高度的变化特征。结果显示：(1) COSMIC反演的温度、压强和水汽压廓线与探空观测具有很好的正相关;与探空观测相比,COSMIC的温度、压强和水汽压的偏差为-0.2 ℃、1.7 hPa和0 hPa,均方差为1.8 ℃、1.6 hPa和0.4 hPa;COSMIC反演大气廓线与探空观测的偏差基本上在大气低层较大,然后随高度增加而减小。(2) COSMIC反演的可降水量与探空观测正相关较好;COSMIC反演的可降水量低于探空观测,两者的偏差为-5.0 mm,均方差为5.7 mm;两者的负偏差在大气低层最明显。(3)探空观测在近地层的不稳定性和COSMIC反演方法中背景模式在青藏高原地区描述大气状态的能力有限,是造成COSMIC反演大气廓线和探空观测的偏差在近地层较大的主要原因;COSMIC观测的折射率偏小导致其反演的可降水量偏低。

     

ERA-Interim和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料在我国东南近海适用性分析

利用我国东南近海5个浮标站观测资料,对2012—2016年ERA-Interim和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料10 m风、2 m气温、海平面气压的适用性进行了评估。结果表明:NCEP/NCAR的再分析10 m风适用性更好,ERA-Interim的2 m气温适用性更好,海平面气压两者差异不大。风速再分析值与观测值具有较好的一致性,相关系数达0.8～0.9,但再分析风速总体上有偏小的趋势,平均偏差在-1.3～0 m/s之间,均方根误差在1.5～3 m/s。再分析资料的平均风向有顺时针偏差的趋势,温州浮标偏右达14°以上,均方根误差大多在40°～50°。不管风速还是风向,5个浮标站中均以舟山浮标的再分析值与观测值最为接近;分析还表明,再分析资料的冬季风代表性相对较差,这是造成风速和风向系统性偏差的主要原因。再分析资料与观测2 m气温相关系数均在0.95以上,且有偏高的趋势,NCEP偏高更为明显,有4个浮标站平均偏差达1～2℃,而ERA-I仅1个浮标站偏差1～2℃,4个在1℃以内。春季和冬季气温偏高最为明显,春季升温过程存在异常偏高的可能,秋季气温与观测值最为接近。海平面气压适用性较好,总体优于10 m风和2 m气温,且季节间差异也不大。     

Validation of the “HY-2” altimeter wet tropospheric path delay correction based on radiosonde data

Wet tropospheric path delay （PD） is a highly variable term for the altimeter measurement of a sea surface height, caused by the refraction effect of atmospheric water vapor and cloud liquid water. In order to esti- mate PD values, the ＂HY-2＂ system includes a calibration microwave radiometer （CMR） operating at 18.7, 23.8 and 37 GHz. The PD data of the CMR were compared and validated by coincident radiosonde profiles from ten globally distributed radiosonde stations during October 2011 to August 2012. The temporal interval was 1 h. In order to avoid land contamination, different spatial intervals between these two data sets were tested. The empirical fit function of PD uncertainty and spatial interval was found and extrapolated to the ideal situation that the data of CMR and radiosonde were totally coincident. The stability of the brightness temperature of the CMR and its impact on the PD correction was also studied. Consequently, the uncertainty of the PD algorithm of the CMR was estimated to be 2.1 cm.     

遥感降水产品在中国不同气候区的适用性研究

遥感降水产品相对于气象站观测数据能够更好地反映降水的空间分布特征,对其进行不同气候区上的差异性评价对数据产品选择和遥感降水反演算法改进均有重大意义.本文选择中国典型气候区(干旱区、过渡区、湿润区和青藏高原地区),以649个经偏差矫正后的气象站降水数据为标准,评估了5种国际常用的遥感降水产品(CHIRPS v2.0,CM...     

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