强对流风暴中同质冻结增温的直接探空观测

通过两个强对流风暴个例,利用探空资料辅以卫星反演方法,揭示了强对流风暴中同质冻结增温这一事实。探空观测到在强风暴中同质冻结潜热释放造成该层内的空气增温达5℃以上,风暴中强上升气流使云滴没有足够的时间长大,云水向雨水转化和云的晶化会被推到更高的高度,在到达同质冻结高度之前,异质核化过程没有太多的时间消耗大量云水,多数云滴被带到同质冻结高度以上时迅速冻结,造成潜热的集中释放,使周围的空气增温。NOAA卫星观测到的云顶的大量由同质冻结形成的小冰粒子以及过顶现象,进一步证实了同质冻结潜热增温。当探空仪靠近风暴、对流层顶又距同质冻结高度层较近时,同质冻结增温作用有可能被探空仪观测到。     

AMDAR气温资料和常规高空观测气温资料的对比分析

为了解飞机观测气象资料(AMDAR资料)的可用性,推进AMDAR资料在湖南气象预报业务中的应用,对2013年5月至2016年12月的AMDAR资料时空分布特征进行了分析,并参考美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)提供的AMDAR资料质量控制方法,对AMDAR气温资料进行质量控制,并在此基础上对湖南范围内的AMDAR气温资料和常规高空观测气温资料(长沙、怀化、郴州)进行了对比分析。结果表明:我国AMDAR资料主要分布在100 h Pa气压层以下,起飞和降落阶段资料约占68. 75%。AMDAR气温资料数据质量稳定,气温疑误率低于0. 13%。在对比样本上,AMDAR观测气温(t_a)与常规高空观测气温(ts)存在非常显著相关性,相关系数为0. 9966,均方根误差为1. 065℃,AMDAR观测气温平均偏低0. 13℃,差值呈准正态分布,且73. 76%的差值在-1~1℃。AMDAR观测气温与常规高空观测气温的差值分布与飞行状态和飞行高度相关,上升状态AMDAR气温偏高,下降状态AMDAR气温偏低。500 h Pa高度以下,样本飞行状态多为下降,t_a较ts平均偏低0. 25℃; 500h Pa高度以上,样本飞行状态多为上升和平飞,t_a较ts平均偏高0. 03℃。     

Climatology of Cloud-base Height from Long-term Radiosonde Measurements in China

Clouds are critical to the global radiation budget and hydrological cycle, but knowledge is still poor concerning the observed climatology of cloud-base height(CBH) in China. Based on fine-resolution sounding observations from the China Radiosonde Network(CRN), the method used to estimate CBH was modified, and uncertainty analyses indicated that the CBH is good enough. The accuracy of CBH estimation is verified by the comparison between the sounding-derived CBHs and those estimated from the micro-pulse lidar and millimeter-wave cloud radar. As such, the CBH climatology was compiled for the period 2006–16. Overall, the CBH exhibits large geographic variability across China, at both 0800 Local Standard Time(LST) and 2000 LST, irrespective of season. In addition, the summertime cloud base tends to be elevated to higher altitudes in dry regions [i.e., Inner Mongolia and the North China Plain(NCP)]. By comparison, the Tibetan Plateau(TP),Pearl River Delta(PRD) and Sichuan Basin(SCB) have relatively low CBHs( 2.4 km above ground level). In terms of seasonality, the CBH reaches its maximum in summer and minimum in winter. A low cloud base tends to occur frequently( 70%) over the TP, PRD and SCB. In contrast, at most sites over the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) and the NCP, about half the cloud belongs to the high-cloud category. The CBH does not exhibit marked diurnal variation in summer, throughout all CRN sites, probably due to the persistent cloud coverage caused by the East Asia Summer Monsson. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first CBH climatology produced from sounding measurements in China, and provides a useful reference for obtaining observational cloud base information.     

四川探空秒级数据质量控制

基于L波段探空综合观测的逐秒数据制定了秒数据质量控制方法,对每次探空综合观测结束后的秒级数据文件进行大段数据缺失检查、瞬时值检查、施放点订正检查、放球时间订正检查、高度差检查、气温变率检查、气压变率检查、相对湿度变率检查、仰角变率检查、方位角变率检查、斜距变率检查、升速检查、终止点检查和僵值检查。通过该方法对四川2016年探空秒级数据文件进行质量控制,发现该质量控制方法可以很好地检查出L波段探空综合观测秒数据的错误。质控结果表明:通过高度差检查的放球次数仅有1105次,通过斜距变率检查的放球次数有2221次,方位角变率检查、气温变率检查、仰角变率检查有六至七成的通过率,施放点订正检查、放球时间订正检查、湿度变率检查有近九成的通过率,剩余检查通过率在九成以上。综合总的可疑信息数量和全年平均至1次放球提出的疑误数量,探空秒数据中不正常斜距出现频率较高,雷达计算高度与压高公式计算高度超阈值情况较多,其它检查发现的疑误相对较少。     

地面报中高山站资料的应用分析

无线电探空仪观测和地面观测资料作为天气分析和数值预报最常用、最重要的两种资料数据源,两者时空分辨率有着明显的差异。如何利用地面观测资料的高时空分辨率特点来补充探空观测资料在一些地区的欠缺和不足,特别是地面高山站资料的使用对对流层底层环流场的影响及对精细化数值天气预报风场分析指示意义等都需要进一步的探究。文章通过对地面高山站资料在资料同化中不同的使用方式的分析,探索其作为探空资料的补充在资料同化中的贡献。个例试验选取2013年6月29日00时地面资料和探空观测资料进行资料同化,试验方法:分别将地面高山站资料作为探空资料和地面资料应用于同化分析中,结果表明:地面高山站资料当探空资料使用时对850和925 hPa风场同化分析有正效果。在地面高山站资料当探空资料使用和当地面资料使用的对比中,其24 h 850和700 hPa高度和风场预报试验差异不显著;但24 h降水预报结果显示:地面高山站资料当探空资料使用对降水强度和位置的预报都有弱的正贡献。连续试验的降水预报检验证明:在地面高山站较多的西南区,高山站资料当探空资料使用在小雨、中雨、暴雨等量级的预报评分要优于高山站资料当地面报使用,且其预报偏差也较小;在中国区降水预报检验高山站资料当探空资料和地面报使用差异不大。     

Analysis and Simulation of the Stratospheric Quasi-zero Wind Layer over Korla,Xinjiang Province,China

The stratospheric quasi-zero wind layer (QZWL) is a transition region with low zonal wind speeds in the lower stratosphere at an altitude of ~20 km. The zonal wind direction above the QZWL layer is opposite to that below the QZWL layer and the north–south wind component is small. The atmospheric wind field near the stratospheric QZWL is an important factor affecting the flight altitude and dynamic control of stratospheric airships. It is therefore necessary to study the stratospheric QZWL to provide better environmental information for these aircraft. High-resolution radiosonde data were used to analyze the characteristics of the stratospheric QZWL over Korla, Xinjiang Province, China. A weak wind layer in which the wind direction suddenly reversed from westerly to easterly was observed at ~20 km in the lower stratosphere, characteristic of the stratospheric QZWL. The Weather Research and Forecasting model was used to simulate the profiles of the horizontal wind speed and direction over Korla. The forcing effect of each diagnostic term in the equation on the zonal wind speed was analyzed. The results showed that the advection term was the dominant factor forcing the zonal wind speed. The wave term had a secondary forcing role, although the forcing effect of the wave term on the zonal wind speed was significant in some regions.     

基于探空数据的南海表面波导统计特征研究

Based on the global position system(GPS) radiosonde data near the sea surface, the surface duct characteristics over the South China Sea(SCS) were statistically analyzed. The annual surface duct occurrence over the SCS was about 64%. Of the observed surface ducts, duct heights mainly distributed between 18 and 42 m, with M slopes in the range of –0.3 to –0.2 M units/m. Those ducts accounted for about 80% of the ducting cases. For the total profiles, the duct occurrences in a day changed slowly and were more than 60% in all times. The surface ducts formed more easily in the daytime than in the nighttime and most of the duct height were at bellow about 32 m.Additionally, The seasonal variation of the SCS ducts appeared to be evident, except that the mean duct thickness was almost constant, about 33 m for all seasons. The highest occurrence was about 71% in the autumn, followed by in the summer, spring and winter. In spring, their top-height existed more often at a height of more than 48 m.Their mean duct strength became stronger trend from spring to winter, with the M-slope in the range between–0.26 and –0.18 M units/m. Those results agreed well with other studies, provided considering the data resolution.The statistical analysis was reliable and gave the duct estimation for the SCS. Such duct climatology not only has important implications for communication systems and the reliability of the radar observation, but also can provide useful information to improve the accuracy of the meteorological radar measurements.     

Comparison of geostrophic and nonlinear balanced winds from LIMS data and implications for derived dynamical quantities

Nimbus 7 LIMS geopotential height data are utilized to infer the rotational wind distribution in the Northern Hemisphere stratosphere and lower mesosphere during a period of substantial wave-mean flow interaction in January, 1979. Rotational winds are derived from the application of a successive relaxation numerical procedure which incorporates the spherical polar coordinate iterative algorithm ofPaegle andTomlinson (1975) for the nondivergent nonlinear balance equation. Optimum convergence of the numerical solutions is found to occur when under-relaxation is utilized. The LIMS height analyses were also latitudinally smoothed and constrained to obey the ellipticity criterion for spherical coordinates. The balanced winds are compared with geostrophically derived values and within situ radiosonde reports for 100 mb to 10 mb over Berlin.From a localized perspective, the Berlin-LIMS comparison indicates that radiosonde and balanced wind vectors exhibit somewhat closer agreement in direction than is associated with the geostrophic estimates. However, substantial quantitative differences between radiosonde, balanced, and geostrophic wind speeds are also evident, suggesting that caution should be exercised in the local application of derived winds, as for example in the quantitative interpretation of trajectories derived from satellite height analyses during periods of enhanced stratospheric wave activity.On a longitudinally averaged basis, balanced zonal-mean wind speeds are typically 20% weaker than geostrophic values in polar latitudes, and as much as 50% weaker in tropical and midlatitude regions. Meridional balanced wind velocities, at a given longitude, are generally within ±10% of geostrophic values. Although these alterations in horizontal wind components result in only modest differences between balanced and geostrophic meridional eddy heat fluxes, a more substantial change appears in the meridional eddy momentum flux analysis. The corresponding patterns of Eliassen-Palm flux divergence are found to be somewhat more (less) intense for the balanced wind case in the stratosphere (lower mesosphere) in polar latitudes.     

可降水份的误差分析

分析了由无线电探空数据计算可降水份中逼近误差和观测误差的影响 ,利用香港的无线电探空资料计算出逼近误差和观测误差的影响分别为 0 .5mm和 1 .2mm ,两者的综合影响为 1 .3mm。     

阳江国际探空试验的GPS、探空、微波辐射计水汽资料对比分析

GPS/MET水汽资料因其建设维护成本低、时间分辨率高、可全天候、无人、自动观测等优点,已经成为获取大气水汽资料新的重要手段。以阳江第八届国际探空比对试验资料为基础,对比分析了GPS/MET与4种探空仪和微波辐射计获取的水汽资料。探空与GPS/MET测量的水汽值有较强的相关性,相关系数在0.57~0.74之间,但探空水汽值比GPS/MET偏高0.71~1.47mm,方差在3.48~3.96之间。其中RS92探空仪测量的水汽变幅与GPS/MET基本相当,但国内探空仪水汽测量值的变幅明显高于GPS/MET,偏高近1.6~1.8倍。微波辐射计在天气较好时,测量精度较高,基本上以3个国产探空仪数据相当;但微波辐射计在雨天受罩子上的雨水影响,误差较大,与GPS/MET的测量值不相关。