基于Kongsberg EM多波束的Snippet数据处理方法

多波束声呐记录的海底后向散射片段(Snippet)数据处理成角度响应曲线和地理编码(Mosaic)图像可以 帮助识别海底底质类型和反映地貌形态,这一过程包括辐射校正、角度响应改正(AVG)和几何地理编码,但不同的多波束系统硬件在辐射校正和角度响应改正方法上存在差异且传统处理方法忽略了声呐系统本身的指向性模型随时间变化的事实。以声呐方程为基础,针对Kongsberg EM 多波束系统提出了一套完整的Snippet数据处理流程,并分析了各步骤中存在的可变性,给出了每一步的处理建议,最后将此方法应用于EM2040浅水多波束实测数据,并验证了该方法的有效性和实用性。     

如何编制和预审气象辐射记录月报表

根据编制和预审气象的实践,结合台站经验,就如何编制好辐射月报表谈谈自己的做法。     

Reduced Hamiltonian formalism for general-relativistic adiabatic fluids and applications

For the dynamics of general-relativistic adiabatic fluids a reduced Hamiltonian formalism is presented. For slowly moving fluids an approximation scheme is defined. The first steps of the scheme are worked out explicitly. Radiation damping and emission, and backscattering are discussed. The usefulness of the formalism for numerical relativity is pointed out.     

Scaling-laws of Radio Spike Bursts and Their Constraints on New Solar Radio Telescopestwo

Radio observation is one of important methods in solar physics and space science. Sometimes, it is almost the sole approach to observe the physical processes such as the acceleration, emission, and propagation of non-thermal energetic particles, etc. So far, more than 100 solar radio telescopes have been built in the world, including solar radiometers, dynamic spectrometers, and radioheliographs. Some of them have been closed after the fulfillment of their primary scientific objectives, or for their malfunctions, and thus replaced by other advanced instruments. At the same time, based on some new technologies and scientific ideas, various kinds of new and much more complicated solar radio telescopes are being constructed by solar radio astronomers and space scientists, such as the American E-OVSA and the solar radio observing system under the framework of Chinese Meridian Project II, etc. When we plan to develop a new solar radio telescope, it is crucial to design the most suitable technical parameters, e.g., the observing frequency range and bandwidth, temporal resolution, frequency resolution, spatial resolution, polarization degree, and dynamic range. Then, how do we select a rational set of these parameters? The long-term observation and study revealed that a large strong solar radio burst is frequently composed of a series of small bursts with different time scales. Among them, the radio spike burst is the smallest one with the shortest lifetime, the narrowest bandwidth, and the smallest source region. Solar radio spikes are considered to be related to a single magnetic energy release process, and can be regarded as an elementary burst in solar flares. It is a basic requirement for the new solar radio telescope to observe and discriminate these solar radio spike bursts, even though the temporal and spatial scales of radio spike bursts actually vary with the observing frequency. This paper presents the scaling laws of the lifetime and bandwidth of solar radio spike bursts with respect to the observing frequency, which provide some constraints for the new solar radio telescopes, and help us to select the rational telescope parameters. Besides, we propose a spectrum-image combination mode as the best observation mode for the next-generation solar radio telescopes with high temporal, spectral, and spatial resolutions, which may have an important significance for revealing the physical essence of the various non-thermal processes in violent solar eruptions.     

Impacts of Aerosol-Radiation Interactions on the Wintertime Particulate Pollution under Different Synoptic Patterns in the Guanzhong Basin,China

The effects of aerosol–radiation interactions(ARI) are not only important for regional and global climate, but they can also drive particulate matter(PM) pollution. In this study, the ARI contribution to the near-surface fine PM(PM2.5)concentrations in the Guanzhong Basin(GZB) is evaluated under four unfavorable synoptic patterns, including "northlow", "transition", "southeast-trough", and "inland-high", based on WRF-Chem model simulations of a persistent heavy PM pollution episode in January 2019. Simulations show that ARI consistently decreases both solar radiation reaching down to the surface(SWDOWN) and surface temperature(TSFC), which then reduces wind speed, induces sinking motion,and influences cloud formation in the GZB. However, large differences under the four synoptic patterns still exist. The average reductions of SWDOWN and daytime TSFC in the GZB range from 15.2% and 1.04°C in the case of the"transition" pattern to 26.7% and 1.69°C in the case of the "north-low" pattern, respectively. Furthermore, ARI suppresses the development of the planetary boundary layer(PBL), with the decrease of PBL height(PBLH) varying from 18.7% in the case of the "transition" pattern to 32.0% in the case of the "north-low" pattern. The increase of daytime near-surface PM2.5 in the GZB due to ARI is 12.0%, 8.1%, 9.5%, and 9.7% under the four synoptic patterns, respectively. Ensemble analyses also reveal that when near-surface PM2.5 concentrations are low, ARI tends to lower PM2.5 concentrations with decreased PBLH, which is caused by enhanced divergence or a transition from divergence to convergence in an area. ARI contributes 15%–25% toward the near-surface PM2.5 concentrations during the severe PM pollution period under the four synoptic patterns.     

Habitat range of two alpine medicinal plants in a trans-Himalayan dry valley, Central Nepal

Understanding of the habitat range of threatened Himalayan medicinal plants which are declining in their abundance due to high anthropogenic disturbances is essential for developing conservation strategies and agrotechnologies for cultivation. In this communication, we have discussed the habitat range of two alpine medicinal plants, Aconitum naviculare （Bruehl） Stapf and Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora （Pennel） Hong in a trans-Himalayan dry valley of central Nepal, Manang district. They are the most prioritized medicinal plants of the study area in terms of ethnomedicinal uses. A. naviculare occurs on warm and dry south facing slopes between 4090-4650 m asl along with sclerophyllous and thorny alpine scrubs, while N. scrophulariiflora is exclusively found on cool and moist north facing slope between 4000 and 4400 m asl where adequate water is available from snow melt to create a suitable habitat for this wetland dependent species. The soil in rooting zone of the two plants differs significantly in organic carbon （OC）, organic matter （OM）, total nitrogen （N） and carbon to nitrogen （C/N） ratio. Due to cool and moist condition of N. scrophulariiflora habitat, accumulation of soil OC is higher, but soil N content is lower probably due to slow release from litter, higher leaching loss and greater retention in perennial live biomass of the plant. The C/N ratio of soil is more suitable in A. navuculare habitat than that of N scrophulariiflora for N supply. Warm and sunny site with N rich soil can be suitable for cultivation ofA. naviculare, while moist and cool site with organic soil for N. scrophulariiflora. The populations of both the plants are fragmented and small. Due to collection by human and trampling damage by livestock, the population of A. naviculare was found absent in open areas in five of the six sampling sites and it was confined only within the bushes of alpine scrubs. For N. serophulariiflora, high probability of complete receding of small glaeiers may be a new threat in future to its habitat. The information about habitat conditions, together with the information from other areas, ean be useful to identify potential habitats and plan for cultivation or domestication of the two medieinal plants.     

渤海海冰中太阳辐射的光谱特征观测研究

通过采用多光谱仪器,对渤海营口港一带的近岸固定冰进行了3个站位11个谱段的入射辐射、反射辐射和透射辐射随时间变化过程的观测和研究。结果表明,发生在海冰中的反射辐射和透射辐射与入射太阳辐射的谱分布有明显差别,而且有显著的日变化。文章确立了入射辐射、反射辐射和透射辐射随时间的变化与太阳高度角的正弦成精确的线性关系,海冰的积分反照率与太阳高度角的正弦满足二次函数关系,可将不同时刻的观测值归算到正午时刻的辐射值,使不同时刻的观测结果具有可比性。计算结果表明,海冰只衰减特定强度的辐射,衰减量与入射辐射光谱分布以及辐射的强度无关,导致绿光的透射辐射最强。该文是对渤海海冰透射辐射的初步尝试,所获得的结果对未来大范围海冰光学观测打下了基础。     

阳江核电厂附近海域生物辐射影响评价研究

随着辐射防护理念的发展,环境中生物所受到的辐射影响日益引起人们的关注。本文使用ERICA项目中推荐的辐射影响评价方法,对阳江核电厂运行后对附近海域中海洋生物的辐射影响进行预测和评价。剂量率估算结果显示,阳江核电厂的液态放射性流出物对附近海域海洋生物造成的辐射剂量率不会超过7.47×10–3µGy.h–1,远低于国际上推荐的保护生物的辐射剂量率控制值,也低于本底辐射剂量率,因此,阳江核电厂正常运行后对附近海域中的海洋生物不会造成不利的辐射影响。     

1998-2002年中国地表太阳辐射的时空变化分析

地表太阳辐射是陆气能量交换过程中重要的物理参数和生态参数,利用卫星数据反演地表太阳辐射对于全面认识地表太阳辐射空间差异性和年际变化特征具有重要的意义。本文利用GMS-5静止气象卫星数据反演了中国区域1998-2002年地表太阳辐射值,在此基础上分析了我国地表太阳辐射的时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)青藏高原的地表太阳辐射最大,川黔地区最小,都位于北纬22^~35°这一带除川黔地区外,地表太阳辐射从东向西增强,西部随纬度升高而减小,东部以长江流域最小,向南北增加,西南最大,北部次之,至东北地区随纬度升高而减小(2)各月地表太阳辐射量分布复杂,最小值都出现在12月,但最大值出现时间受雨季影响很大,珠江、长江一带主要在雨季过后的7月,华北、东北和青藏高原主要出现在雨季前的6月及5月,西南地区则在季风雨季前的4-5月(3)5年来东部沿海地区地表太阳辐射增加了13.71%(+4.37W/m²·a),西藏高原地区地表太阳辐射减少了9.31%(-3.47W/m²·a),全国地表太阳辐射平均减少了0.84%(-0.27W/m²·a)。