Spatial scale effect on the upper soil effective parameters of a distributed hydrological model

Nonlinear dynamics and spatial variability in hydrological systems make the formulation of scaling theories difficult. Therefore, the development of knowledge related to scale effects, scaling techniques, parameterization and linkages of parameters across scales is highly relevant. The main purpose of this work is to analyse the spatial effect of the static storage capacity parameter H_u and the saturated hydraulic conductivity parameter k_s from microscale (sub‐grid level) to mesoscale (grid level) and its implication to the definition of an optimum cell size. These two parameters describe the upper soil water characteristics in the infiltration process conceptualization of the TETIS hydrological model. At microscale, the spatial heterogeneity of H_u and k_s was obtained generating random parameter fields through probability distribution functions and a spatial dependence model with pre‐established correlation lengths. The effective parameters at mesoscale were calculated by solving the inverse problem for each parameter field. Results indicate that the adopted inverse formulation allows transferring the nonlinearity of the system from microscale to the mesoscale via non‐stationary effective parameters. Their values at each cell and time step are in the range of zero to the mean value of the parameter at microscale. The stochastic simulations showed that the variance of the estimated effective parameters decreases when the ratio between mesoscale cell size and correlation length at microscale increases. For a ratio greater than 1, we found cell sizes having the characteristics of a representative elementary area (REA); in such case, the microscale variability pattern did not affect the system response at mesoscale. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

东昆仑断裂带东部塔藏断裂地震地表破裂特征及其构造意义

The East Kunlun fault zone is located in the northern margin of the Bayan Har block. The study of earthquake rupture behavior in the fault zone is of importance for understanding the future seismic risk in northwest Sichuan. A number of geological field investigations, typical micro topography DGPS measurements and sample dating show that the earthquake activity of the East Kunlun fault zone extends to the north boundary of Zoige basin, a segment known as the Luocha segment of Tazang fault. In the satellite image, the segment is seen clearly as gray and yellow strips. The earthquake deformation zone mainly features fault scarp, valleys on the slope, offset gullies and terraces, linear distribution of plants, waterfall, fault spring, fault sag pond, and landslide, collapse and talus associated with surface rupturing. These phenomena are distributed intermittently along the re-existing fault and form a ～50km-long inverse L-shaped deformation zone. Fault activities caused left-lateral offset of gullies and terraces, with horizontal displacement concentrated at 5.5m~6m, 18m～23m, 68m～75m, and 200m～220m, respectively. The recent earthquake occurred between 340±30～500±30BP. The macro epicenter is located 5km～7km northwest of Benduo village, with magnitude of MW7.3～7.4, maximum coseismic displacement of 6m, horizontal displacement 5.5m～6m and vertical displacement 0.2m～0.5m, being in a proportion of 5∶1～10∶1. These phenomena show that the Tazang fault is the causative fault of this earthquake. The fault is a Holocene active fault and was dominated recently by left-lateral movement with a small amount of thrust component under compressive shear stress. This characteristic is similar to the movement in other segments of the East Kunlun fault zone. The results of this study support the "continental escape" model.     

水氡浓度和环境参数的分层神经网络研究

采用分层神经网络（LNN）分析地下水的氡浓度,试图给出氡浓度和环境参数之间的函数关系。由于环境（例如：降雨量）对水氡浓度的影响可能是非线性的,与目前时间脉冲响应线性计算方法相比,该方法能够较准确的估计环境参数造成的氡浓度变化。     

安庆4.8级地震序列的地震波谱变化研究

采用安徽区域数字地震台网记录的安庆4.8级地震序列波形资料,开展地震波谱研究,求取了零频位移谱值、应力降和地震矩等震源参数。分析了纵、横波零频谱值比和应力降随时间的变化趋势,并讨论了震源参数之间的关系。结果表明,安庆4.8级主震后,纵、横波零频位移谱值比和应力降呈现一定的变化规律,可为主震—余震序列的最大余震的预测提供一定的参考依据,同时发现震源参数与震级有一定相关。     

矿山微地震全波自动定位的层析成像方法(英文)

针对在矿山微地震监测过程中纵横波及其传播速度难以确定的难点,在球坐标系中以波动方程为基础,推导出了矿山微地震全波自动定位的层析成像的计算公式,并给出了参数选择准则,藉此可以获得微地震成像能量最大值及其对应参数。通过判断能量最大值在风险区内的位置,可以将风险区内外的微地震事件区分出来。对于能量最大值位于风险区域内的微地震事件,其震源位置和震动时间以及传播速度与能量最大值对应的坐标参数相同,能量最大值对应于震源函数相对强度;当能量最大值位于风险区域边界上时,微地震事件不在风险区域范围之内。理论模型试算和矿山实际微地震资料的应用表明:层析成像方法无需纵横波识别和传播速度假定,只要给定事故风险区域范围及其传播速度范围,便可完成微地震事件定位,是一种全波全自动定位方法,具有进一步研究价值。     

基于SVM的海底声纳图像底质识别*

对海底底质声纳图像分割,提取单元特征向量进行主成份分析,选取均值、标准差、对比度、相关系数、能量及同质性作为训练特征向量,优化支持向量机(SVM)参数.利用多分类 SVM 对砂、礁石、泥进行训练,有效、快速地分离出了3种底质类型,测试精度高于80%,表明该方法可有效用于海底底质声纳图像的识别和分类.     

海上固定平台雷达测波技术及典型数据处理算法

首先总结了国内外海上固定平台使用的多种非接触式波浪测量方法,比较了不同测波方法的适用性。针对不同的测量方法给出了常用的传感器与设备,同时提供了每种设备的主要生产销售商。然后,对单点测波雷达和X波段雷达测波算法进行了综述,给出了波面的时间序列和雷达影像的时空序列两种数据的处理过程。最后,提出了波浪测量技术存在的一些问题,以期为我国海洋环境监测与观测系统的完善提供参考。     

机场多普勒天气雷达双机备份技术及可靠性分析

为了提高天气雷达不间断运行的效率,满足保障航空飞行安全的需要,采用目前国际上最新且成熟的雷达技术、计算机技术和网络通讯技术,实现天气雷达主体部分双机互为冗余备份,使天气雷达系统达到的任务可靠性指标≥10000小时,较目前的机场多普勒天气雷达可靠性指标提高8倍以上,从而大大提高机场天气雷达的保障能力。     

干旱区一次锋面过境短时暴雨中尺度系统分析

利用加密自动站、卫星云图及雷达图像等资料,对2010年6月7日白天到夜间宁夏中北部地区出现的短时暴雨天气成因及中尺度系统演变进行分析。结果表明,此次短时暴雨是在“东高西低”稳定的环流形势和锋面过境背景下,500 hPa西风槽,700 hPa切变线、低涡、低空急流,850 hPa切变线,地面冷锋等主要影响系统相互配合、共同作用下发生的;大降水落区位于低空急流左侧与切变线尾部的辐合区,这可作为宁夏中尺度暴雨天气系统的一种典型特征;逆风区的出现和S型风场、锋面过境雷达图像特征是此次强降水典型的雷达回波特征,逆风区分布与中尺度系统走向基本一致。     

BCC/RCG-WG天气发生器非降水变量模拟参数气候变化特征

利用中国699 个气象站点1951-2007 年的逐日最高气温、最低气温和日照时数资料,分1951-1978 年和1979-2007 年两个时段分析了气候变化对BCC/RCG-WG天气发生器中我国各地逐日非降水变量模拟参数的影响.结果表明,最高气温、最低气温和日照时数三个变量平均值傅立叶级数展开式的年平均值和基波振幅较标准差傅立叶级数展开式的年平均值和基波振幅的变化幅度明显偏大,而平均值傅立叶级数展开式的基波位相变化幅度较标准差的基波位相变化幅度明显偏小;三个变量当天以及后延一天之间的相关系数的绝对变化较小.说明在气候变化背景下,最高气温等三个非降水变量的年平均值和年内变幅有明显的变化,而三个变量年际间的变异、峰值出现时间以及各变量之间的相关性变化较小.