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中国龙卷的时空分布特征

为研究登陆台风引发的龙卷过程特点,从而提高对其监测、潜势预报预警能力,通过2018年8月18日安徽灵璧龙卷的现场灾情调查,并利用地面加密自动站、欧洲再分析资料（ERA5）,结合蚌埠多普勒天气雷达和阜阳S波段双偏振雷达资料,分析了龙卷发生时的气象要素、大气环流、关键物理量及雷达回波特征。结果表明：此次龙卷发生时伴随有气压陡降陡升、气温剧烈下降、大风和短时强降水等,强度为EF0级,位于台风“温比亚”中心东北象限,具有对流有效位能（CAPE）和风暴水平相对螺旋度（SRH）的最佳配置,0—1 km SRH最大值为149 m²·s^-2,当垂直螺旋度（H_3l）增大时,龙卷发生。两部雷达均能探测到超级单体的钩状回波,中心反射率达60 dBz左右,存在有界弱回波、回波悬垂。当中气旋的形状由椭圆形向圆形转变、龙卷涡旋特征（TVS）的低层径向速度差迅速增大时,灵璧发生龙卷灾害。另外,双偏振雷达可探测165 km处超级单体的钩状回波,对龙卷的探测范围更广,并能识别出更明显的正负速度对和龙卷碎片特征（TDS）,对龙卷有更强的探测能力。

     

Deriving Changjiang coastal zone wind from C-band SAR and its application to salinity simulation

Wind plays an important role in hydrodynamic processes such as the expansion of Changjiang （Yangtze） River Diluted Water （CDW）, and shelf circulation in the Changjiang estuary. Thus, it is essential to include wind in the numerical simulation of these phenomena. Synthetic aperture radar （SAR） with high resolution and wide spatial coverage is valuable for measuring spatially inhomogeneous ocean surface wind fields. We have collected 87 ERS-2 SAR images with wind-induced streaks that cover the Cbangjiang coastal area, to verify and improve the validity of wind direction retrieval using the 2D fast Fourier transform method. We then used these wind directions as inputs to derive SAR wind speeds using the C-band model. To demonstrate the applicability of the algorithms, we validated the SAR-retrieved wind fields using QuikSCAT measurements and the atmospheric Weather Research Forecasting model. In general, we found good agreement between the datasets, indicating the reliability and applicability of SAR- retrieved algorithms under different atmospheric conditions. We investigated the main error sources of this process, and conducted sensitivity analyses to estimate the wind speed errors caused by the effect of speckle, uncertainties in wind direction, and inaccuracies in the normalized radar cross section. Finally, we used the SAR-retrieved wind fields to simulate the salinity distribution off the Changjiang estuary. The findings of this study will be valuable for wind resource assessment and the development of future numerical ocean models based on SAR images.     

Why is Shirase Glacier turning its flow direction eastward?

We applied an image correlation method to Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 (JERS-1) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data obtained from 1996 to 1998 to examine flow velocity within Shirase Glacier, Antarctica. From the grounding line to the downstream region of the glacier, the obtained ice-flow velocity was systematically higher on the western streamline than the eastern. The differences between the two streamlines were 0.31 km/a in 1996 and 0.37 km/a in 1998, significantly larger than the error estimate of 0.03 km/a. The direction of ice flow was about 312° at the grounding line and changed to 327° at 10 km, 346° at 20 km and 2° at 30 km downstream from the grounding line. The total accumulated deflection is 50° to the east. Under the assumption of the conservation of ice mass across the glacier, the observed eastward change in flow direction can be explained by an asymmetric deepening of bedrock topography, that is, across the 8 km width of the glacier, the eastern side is 50 m (10%) deeper than the western side. This eastward turning of flow direction appears to be accelerated by tributary inlets, that flow to the north and northeast at 60–75% of the velocity of inlets on the western streamline.     

冰雹云雷达回波自动识别系统

利用CAPPI资料对立体风暴进行识别，计算并提供出实用的风暴结构参数，采用矩心踊跃法和矩不变量法相结合对单体风暴和混合性风暴回波进行跟踪；最小二第线性外推预报；根据WSD－88D的冰雹算法，在风暴结构基础上本文建立了Windows98操作平台上冰雹识别系统，经单站1年11次强对流天气过程的资料检验，结果表明：雹云识别精度达82％。系统建立了大量人机对话框以方便用户，增加实用性及推广性。     

洞庭湖区域雷暴大风分型及预报分析研究

使用S波段双偏振天气雷达资料,对2021年5月15日洞庭湖区一次强对流过程的多单体风暴阶段和飑线阶段分阶段进行了分析,并重点对前阶段的超级单体风暴I2进行了分时段分析,结果表明：(1) I2初始发展时段,水平反射率因子(Z_H)＞55 dBz区域、差分反射率因子(Z_DR)柱(＞2.5 dB)扩展至湿球零度层WBZ高度,对应区域差分相移率(K_DP)较大(＞1.7 °·km^-1)、相关系数CC在0.9~0.99,说明该时段降水相态是以夹杂着大雨滴的水凝物为主。(2) I2冰雹碰并增长时段,Z_H强度和发展高度急速增长,垂直液态水含量VIL出现明显跃增,Z_H强中心(＞60 dBz区域)扩展至-10℃高度以上,对应的Z_DR降至低于0,Z_DR柱(＞2.5 dB)扩展至-10℃高度;CC下降、K_DP出现“空洞”,说明该时段降水以固态粒子为主,且处于增大时段。(3) I2成熟降雹时段,Z_H强中心(＞60 dBz)底部降至WBZ高度以下、CC局部低至0.8、对应区域存在Z_DR负值区、K_DP空洞,说明冰雹下落的拖曳作用削弱上升气流的强度,预示冰雹即将落地。(4)飑线阶段和多单体风暴阶段不同,飑线阶段K_DP值异常偏大、Z_DR大于1。(5)飑线阶段的极端大风发生前,55 dBz强回波、27 m·s^-1速度大值区扩展至1 km以下,强回波区域K_DP明显偏大,与强下沉气流相对应。另外,高空降水粒子在下降过程中融化导致的强降水拖曳作用加剧了极端大风的产生。

     

基于小波变换改善天气回波信噪比的模拟分析

为了提升天气雷达对弱气象目标的发现能力,扩展系统观测的动态范围,可以从改善雷达回波的输出信噪比方面来考虑.从信号处理算法层面寻求改善天气雷达回波的输出信噪比的方法,提出运用小波变换的方法来达到这个目的.首先介绍了小波消噪的基本原理,再结合具体雷达系统参数,进行了相关的算法模拟,其结果表明,在符合高斯谱特征分布的模拟回波在不同信噪比（-20～10dB）设定条件下,运用小波变换的去噪方法可以使其信号的输出信噪比提高大约5～11dB,为天气雷达探测更多的弱气象目标提供了有利条件.     

上海青浦CINRAD/SAD雷达和南汇WSR-88D雷达数据对比分析

上海青浦CINRAD/SAD雷达和南汇WSR 88D雷达型号不同,并且采用不同的双偏振技术升级方案,实际业务运行中2部雷达存在一定的数据偏差。为了对雷达的探测性能进行定量评估,在共同探测区域遴选2022年7—9月及2023年6月共30个过程3933个时次数据,以稳定性降水与对流性降水分类并按强度分级进行对比,评估了反射率因子ZH,差分反射率ZDR,相关系数CC和差分传播相移ΦDP的水平分布特征及随方位变化趋势,雷达灵敏度随仰角变化趋势以及ZH和ZDR偏差的定量统计。结果表明：2部雷达ZH的观测结果接近,青浦CINRAD/SAD雷达的ZH,CC和ΦDP受地物及避雷针影响较大,随方位变化不稳定,青浦CINRAD/SAD雷达在低层的非气象回波滤除效果较南汇WSR 88D雷达差。2部雷达ZH和ZDR的偏差在ZH大于40 dBz的区域较大,ZH平均偏差为0.9 dB,ZDR为-0.14 dB。本文基于台风、冰雹、短时强降水和梅雨降水数据,定量化评估了上海2部S波段双偏振天气雷达数据之间的差异,为后续算法改进以及数据订正提供参考。     

一个波浪破碎散射模型的改进

为了得到与实测数据更为一致的散射模型,对KHCC03散射模型进行了改进.研究了考虑波浪破碎影响的KHCC03散射模型的适用范围.研究结果表明,KHCC03散射模型在入射角为25°～40°范围内,模型结果与实测数据吻合较好,在入射角小于25°和入射角大于40°的情况下,模型结果与实测数据差异较大.针对这一问题,对KHCC03模型进行了改进,结果表明:与原KHCC03模型相比,改进后的模型结果与实测数据吻合程度明显提高.     

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