试论地图学发展与技术创新

概念了技术创新的内涵以及我国20多年来地图学发展中的技术创新，根据制图实践及典型范例，总结了制图工艺创新及地图产品创新的优势，认为加强地图学与“GIS，RS，GPS”技术的集成和应用研究，网络地图发布与浏览技术研究，是今后地图学技术创新的重要方向。     

STUDY ON SAMPLING INSPECTION SCHEME TO DIGITAL PRODUCTS IN GIS

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＳｐａｔｉａｌｄａｔａｉｓｔｈｅｂａｓｉｓｏｆｔｈｅＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃＩｎｆｏｒ ｍａｔｉｏｎＳｙｓｔｅｍ (ＧＩＳ)ａｎｄｎｏｎ＿ｓｐａｔｉａｌｄａｔａｉｓｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅｄｅｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎｏｆｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃｃｅｌｌ.Ｔｈｅｑｕａｌｉｔｙｏｆｄａｔａａｆｆｅｃｔｓｇｒｅａｔｌｙｏｎｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｏｆａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｎａｌｙｓｉｓａｎｄｔｈｅｒｅａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｐｒａｃ ｔｉｃａｌｔａｒｇｅｔｉｎＧＩＳ .Ｔｈｅｑｕａｌ…     

闽台旅游地理差异与福建对台旅游产品开发

从旅游地理角度看，福建与台湾两省关系特殊。福建对台旅游产品开发具有重要的经济。文化和政治意义，地理差异是旅游客流的根本动力，目前，福建对台旅游产品开发还存在不尽如人意之处，应当科学地分析闽台旅游地理差异。提出合理的对策，从地理差异的角度审视闽台旅游资源，发现福建对台旅游资源界定上存在误区，森林是生态旅游资源，温泉疗养旅游资源，祖地旅游资源，民俗旅游资源等并非福建重点地台旅游资源，盲目开发这些旅游资源不能取得预期的效益，从实际地理差异出发，具有空间组合优势的自然旅游景观，祖籍地的历史文化旅游景观，祖庙宗教旅游景观等是福建重点旅游资源，从地理差异的角度审视对台旅游产品，存在产品开发误区，寻根旅游产品的市场化的程度偏低，宗教旅游产品的内涵单一，观光旅游产品缺乏特色，休闲旅游产品品位偏低，从闽台旅游地理差异的实际出发，本文提出福建对台旅游产品开发策略要提高旅游产品的历史文化含量，提高旅游产品的科学文化含量，加强旅游产品的可参与性，调整旅游产品的线路排布。     

五大连池老黑山火烧山火山喷发物及形成的物理过程

以当代火山物理的观点和思路对黑龙江省五大连池老黑山火烧山进行了研究。在旧锥锥体上部发现滞后角砾岩，在其下部坡脚发现有涌浪（ｓｕｒｇｅ）堆积物的存在，对形成过程和机制做了一些解释。     

Biomarkers derived from heterolytic and homolytic cleavage of allylic hydroperoxides resulting from alkenone autoxidation

Laboratory incubation of alkenone mixtures with tert-butyl hydroperoxide and di-tert-butyl nitroxide (radical initiator) in hexane, as a means to simulate alkenone autoxidation processes, rapidly led to the formation of allylic hydroperoxides, whose presence was recently demonstrated in Emiliania huxleyi cells. After incubation in seawater and subsequent reduction with NaBH₄ (to reduce residual hydroperoxides before analysis), these reaction products quickly disappeared and were replaced by complex mixtures of n-alcohols, fatty acids, alkyldiols and hydroxyacids. Methyl alkenones produced saturated n-alkan-1-ols and fatty acids ranging from C₁₃ to C₁₆ and two series of C₁₃−C₁₆ (ω-1)-hydroxyacids and (1,ω-1)-diols. Ethyl alkenones also afforded C₁₃−C₁₆ saturated n-alkan-1-ols and fatty acids, accompanied by the production of C₁₄−C₁₇ (ω-2)-hydroxyacids and (1,ω-2)-diols. Deuterium labelling allowed us to show that most of the n-alkan-1-ols, hydroxyacids and alkyldiols resulted from the reduction during the NaBH₄ treatment of the corresponding aldehydes, ketoxyacids and ketoxyaldehydes formed from heterolytic or homolytic cleavages of allylic hydroperoxyl groups resulting from the oxidation of the double bonds of di- and triunsaturated alkenones. Amongst these products, the (ω-1)- and (ω-2)-hydroxyacids formed after NaBH₄ reduction of the (ω-1)- and (ω-2)-ketoxyacids were selected as potential biomarkers for alkenone autoxidation. Re-examination of lipid extracts of post-bloom seawater particulate matter samples from the DYFAMED station in the Ligurian Sea (where strong autoxidative alteration of the lipid distributions had previously been detected) showed the presence of significant amounts of 12-hydroxytetradecanoic, 13-hydroxytetradecanoic, 14-hydroxyhexadecanoic and 15-hydroxyhexadecanoic acids thus providing good evidence that these autoxidative processes occur in natural samples.     

Product formation from the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals and O3 with a series of monoterpenes

The formation yields of nine carbonyl products are reported from the gas-phase OH radical-initiated reactions (in the presence of NO _x ) and the O₃ reactions with seven monoterpenes. The products were identified using GC/MS and GC-FTIR and quantified by GC-FID analyses of samples collected on Tenax solid adsorbent cartridges. The identities of products from camphene, limonene and -pinene were confirmed by comparison with authentic standards. Sufficient quantities of products from the 3-carene, limonene, -pinene, sabinene and terpinolene reactions were isolated to allow structural confirmation by proton NMR spectroscopy. The measured total carbonyl formation yields ranged from non-detectable for the OH radical reaction with camphene and the O₃ reactions with 3-carene and limonene to 0.5 for the OH radical reaction with limonene and the O₃ reaction with sabinene.     

The Gas Phase Reaction of Unsaturated Oxygenates with Ozone: Carbonyl Products and Comparison with the Alkene-Ozone Reaction

Carbonyl products have been identified and their formation yields measured in the gas phase reaction of ozone with unsaturated oxygenates in experiments carried out at ambient T, p = 1 atm. of purified humid air (RH = 50%) and with sufficient cyclohexane added to scavenge the hydroxyl radical. The compounds studied are the esters methyl acrylate, vinyl acetate and cis-3-hexenyl acetate, the carbonyl crotonaldehyde, the hydroxy-substituted diene linalool, the ether ethylvinyl ether and the keto-ether trans-4-methoxy-3-buten-2-one. The alkene 1-pentene was included for comparison. The nature and formation yields of the carbonyl products from this study and those measured in earlier work under the same conditions are compared to those of alkenes and are supportive of a reaction mechanism that is similar to that for the reaction of ozone with alkenes, i.e. O₃ + R₁R₂C=CR₃X (R₁COR₂ + R₃XCOO) + (1 – )(R₃COX + R₁R₂COO), where R_i are the alkyl substituents, X is the oxygen-containing substituent (–CHO for aldehydes; –C(O)R for ketones; –C(O)OR and –OC(O)R for esters; –OH and hydroxyalkyl for alcohols; and –OR for ethers), R₁COR₂ is the primary carbonyl, R₃COX is the other primary product and R₁R₂COO and R₃XCOO are the carbonyl oxide biradicals. The biradicals lead to carbonyls in reactions that are also analogous to those involved in carbonyl formation from biradicals in the ozone-alkene reaction. These features make it possible to predict the nature and formation yields of the major carbonyl products of the reaction of ozone with unsaturated oxygenates that may be components of biogenic emissions.     

大到暴雪天气模型及数值产品释用预报方法

用欧洲数值预报产品格点资料,对1986年11月-2002年3月河南省出现的87个大到暴雪个例进行对比分析,将大到暴雪划分为3个类型,即高原低槽型、阻高-横槽型和L型,对每个型进行合成平均,建立了大到暴雪的天气学概念模型。为提高样本中大到暴雪的概率,先将样本进行消空处理,然后选取物理意义清晰、天气学意义明确的预报因子,分别建立了全省分片大到暴雪1-7 d预报方法,在业务试应用中取得了较好的预报效果。     

Lignin degradation products as palaeoenvironmental proxies in the sediments of small lakes

The quantity and quality of lignin phenols (Σ8, Λ, S/V, C/V and (Ad/Al)_v) in the sediments of three small Lobelia lakes with neither inlets nor outlets were investigated and compared with palynological data and lithology of the profiles. The method of alkaline CuO oxidation was used. Substantial differences with respect to sedimentary lignin concentration and provenance recorded along the profiles and among the sites are in good agreement with pollen data describing the dominant type of vegetation and with indices of soil erosion in the lakes’ catchments. This relation shows that the compositions of lignin degradation products in these lakes are closely related to the local environmental conditions. In all the lakes gymnosperm wood is the main source of lignin products; however, each lake is characterized by different S/V index values. Especially good correlations were obtained between pine pollen proportions in sediments and the S/V index. The correlation between the C/V and (Ad/Al)_v indices indicates a higher degradation of organic matter when non-woody tissue is more abundant. This pilot study illustrates the usefulness and potential for a wider application of lignin oxidation products in palaeoecological reconstructions. This kind of data would be of special importance when investigating local presence/absence of woody plants and the role of angiosperms/gymnosperms in local vegetation. Estimates of lignin biodegradation levels, as well as the data on diagenetic processes, may afford supplementary information on possible disturbances in sedimentation.     

山东省新一代天气雷达组网业务应用

为挖掘雷达应用潜力、充分发挥雷达的整体建设效益，山东省气象局进行了雷达产品的实时拼图和实时远程调用研发工作。通过宽带网实时收集、存贮雷达产品，增置省级雷达产品服务器、建立辅PUP，实现了山东全省5部新一代天气雷达及邻省周边雷达每6分钟一次实时拼图产品和雷达产品远程调用。对于省级气象台所关注的范围，拼图产品能有效地监测预警辖区内各种尺度天气系统的移动和演变；对于局地性强的中小尺度对流天气，雷达产品远程调用能实现CINRAD／SA雷达PUP上的重定中心、局部放大、动画显示、光标联接、地图和产品叠加等功能，对于远距离下级台站的精细预报的指导是十分有用并且可行的。从国家信息中心获取周边邻近雷达的产品信息，对于及时了解上游及周边天气情况非常有用。