Multifacetted study of a cretaceous coal with algal affinities—II. Composition of liquefaction products

Two hydrogen-rich lithobodies of highly alipathic character from a coal occurring in southwest Utah, have been studied. Bituminite (>50%), vitrinite (25–30%) and liptodetrinite (7–12%) are the principal macerals. The hexane-soluble products of hydrogenating the lithotypes at 400° with tetralin and hydrogen have been analyzed by GC-MS. Products identified include homologous series of alkylated naphthalenes, phenols, furans, cyclohexenones and hydroxy-pyridines. In the case of furans, the alkyl groups extend beyond C₃₀. Materials released by Soxhlet extraction with pyridine consist chiefly of homologous series of fatty acids and their methyl esters and of methyl alkyl ketones, which were not found in the hydrogenation products. The long alkyl chains in these substances can account for about 75% of the alkanes found in the hydrogenation products but not in the extracts. Most of the compounds mentioned in the foregoing are thought to be physically held or trapped in the coal, rather than chemically combined in its macromolecular network. Except for the fatty acids, the origins of these substances are difficult to identify.     

Pyrolysis of immature Torbanite and of the resistant biopolymer (PRB A) isolated from extant alga Botryococcus braunii. Mechanism of formation and structure of torbanite

Immature Torbanite and the resistant biopolymer (PRB A) isolated from extant B. braunii were previously compared using bulk spectroscopic methods. In the present work, analysis of 400°C pyrolysis products and pyrolysis residues provided further information on their structure and possible relationships. It appears that such polymers are based upon unbranched, saturated, cross-linked hydrocarbon chains up to C₃₁. In addition to these bridging structures, a substantial part of the alkyl chains is singly bound, as esters of unbranched, saturated or cis unsaturated, even fatty acids. These esters are sterically protected, against chemical degradations, by the network of the bioand geopolymer.Quantitative and qualitative observations derived from 400°C pyrolysis confirm that the chemical structure of PRB A and immature Torbanite are closely related. The pyrolysis residues show a similar evolution and numerous common features are noted, with respect to the nature and the distribution of the major constituents of the pyrolysates (hydrocarbons and fatty acids). Accordingly, Botryococcus provides what seems to be the first example of a close structural relationship between a biopolymer produced in large amounts by an extant alga and the geopolymer of an immature kerogen. The essential role of PRB A in Torbanite formation is ascertained. Moreover, it is found that the resistant biopolymer does not undergo important structural changes during the first stages of diagenesis. Thus, owing to steric protection, the esters of immature Torbanite show a distribution quite close to the one of PRB A esters, with exclusively even constituents and a large contribution of unsaturated acids.Recent observations pointed to the possible genesis of some algal kerogens principally by selective preservation of resistant macromolecules. Such a type of formation is clearly predominant in Torbanite, where the bulk of the fossil organic matter corresponds to a selectively preserved and weakly altered, resistant biopolymer, while incorporation of lipids into the kerogen structure during diagenesis seems to play a minor role.     

宝顶山石窟造象岩壁风化产物化学特征及形成分析

为研究宝顶山石窟区造象岩壁风化破坏及渗水危害的作用机理,选择不同类型风化产物进行定期采样监测。本文重点论述了外围岩石和造象岩壁风化产物的化学成分及矿物成分、风化产物可溶盐的化学特征及可溶盐类型,以及这些特征的多年变化规律,分析论证了可溶盐不同水化学成因类型的形成特征,为防风化防渗水危害治理措施提供可靠依据。     

地球数字产品的空间数学基础

在分析当前地球数字产品空间数学基础局限性的基础上,将地图投影概念由传统的曲面到平面的变换扩展为曲面到曲面的变换,提出一套适合于大型GIS和地球数字产品的“地图投影”模型的实用模型,该模型的视图采用等距离切圆柱投影,度量空间是椭球面几何系统,符合计算机环境下GIS视图与度量空间分离的特性。鉴于全球多分辨率连续可视化,精密可视化量算,三维、多维地球数据统一,标准的空间定位框架和只有在统一的空间系统内全球资源、生态环境数据才能进行精确的地理分析等四个方面的需要,从地图投影进到本模型将是方向和技术趋势。     

应用K指数和TOT指数作江苏中期降水预报的试验

用国家气象中心的T63和T106中期数值预报产品，计算所划定区域的K指数和TOT指数作为预报因子，并统计与江苏省9个代表站降水的相关。用逐步回归方法建立了江苏省4－7月第4－6天的PP降水预报方程36个、MOS降水预报方程108个，多级判别临界值144组。在此基础上经统计制作江苏省降水概率预报。     

DLG产品质量的模糊综合评判

根据DLG产品的质量特性及相应的权值，采用模糊数学的方法进行评价。通过选用不同的隶属函数和不同的评判模型对同一数字线划图进行了评价，得出了一些有益的结论。     

煤岩及煤岩加不同介质的热模拟地球化学实验--气态和液态产物的产率以及演化特征

对塔里木盆地侏罗系煤岩以及煤岩加不同介质等 4个系列以 50℃为一温阶,从 250～550℃进行热模拟实验,并对其气体产物、液态有机质进行了系统分析。结果表明:煤岩成烃过程是一个综合作用的过程,它的生气、生油与外界环境如水,粘土矿物等的辅助作用有关。随着热模拟温度的升高,各产气率呈增长趋势。介质的加入可降低有机质成烃温度,有利于液态物的产出。     

柔性断层错动产物的微观研究方法初探

柔性断层错动产物一般尚未固结,难以对其进行定向取样,固化和磨制薄片,笔者经过长期努力提出解决这个问题的方法并将其应用于郯—庐断裂带赤山段晚更新世以来活动性的研究中。笔者按总结出的方法定向采取断层泥,对其固化并磨制定向薄片,在镜下仔细观测,发现众多变形现象和由其反映的运动学和动力学方面的重要信息。属脆性变形的有:长英质矿物颗粒被错移并形成棋盘格式构造,脆—塑或塑性变形发生在粘土和云母类的矿物中,尤其是“帚”状扭折和先扭后错现象在云母中非常普遍。恢复薄片的自然产状后,宏微观构造具统一性。据变形产物赋存的地质时代,它们应是断裂晚更新世以来活动的微观证据。文中笔者除系统介绍了柔性断层产物的采样、固结、磨片和应用此种技术的实例外,还探讨了显微构造分析在活断层研究中应有的地位和作用。     

安溪雷暴24h潜势预报模型研究

利用安溪县国家气象站2004年至2015年的雷暴观测资料，分析了安溪县雷暴的气候特征及环境背景分类。并根据雷暴活动特征及雷暴天气产生的环境场条件，诊断和分析T639数值模式输出产品与雷暴观测资料的相关性，对41个相关因子做显著性检验，挑选相关性较好的9个因子做分析。对9个预报因子进行0,1化处理并进行逐步回归，最后选取850hPa垂直速度、850hpa假相当位温、700hPa温度、K指数、850hPa比湿等5个因子，建立雷暴潜势预报方程。利用2015年至2017年T639模式资料进行回代分析评估，发现当雷暴概率预报Y值>0.6时，雷暴预报准确率最高，达85.60%，且漏报率、空报率很低。再以2018年T639数值模式资料对雷暴潜势概率进行计算评估，准确率为83.84%，漏报率为5.75%，空报率为10.41%。由此可见，基于T639数值产品的雷暴潜势方程可以为安溪县雷暴天气的预警预报和防雷减灾服务提供客观的参考和依据。     

工业CT技术在卫星产品检测中的应用

卫星产品许多都采用了焊接结构。为了保证其使用的安全可靠性,必须对焊缝进行l00％的无损检测。然而对于一些形状复杂的精密电子束焊件,由于产品尺寸小,加之焊缝周围结构的遮挡,使常规方法的应用受到了限制。工业CT技术具有不受试件材料种类、形状结构及表面状况限制的特点,能给出与试件材料密度及尺寸特性相对应的断层扫描图象,分辨率高,在检测复杂构件方面显示出了优势。本文介绍了卫星产品精密复杂焊接件对无损检测技术的具体要求,研究了卫星产品电子束焊缝的工业CT检测方法,包括设备、对比试样、检测工艺、评定方法等,并通过电磁阀、喷注器、自锁阀、减压器、加注/排放阀、单向阀、气滤、过滤器等具体产品检测实例,描述了工业CT技术在卫星产品检测中的应用。实际应用表明：工业CT是检测航天卫星产品精密复杂结构件焊缝缺陷的理想手段,其成象直观,缺陷的定位、定性和定量结果可靠,完全能满足产品的质量控制要求。目前,累计用工业CT检测卫星产品数批若干件,检测焊缝上千条。剔出有超标缺陷的产品40件,避免了隐患。经过工业CT检测的产品,己在"返回式卫星"、"风云二号"、"东方红三号"、"资源一号"、"中星-22号"等型号卫星中取得了成功应用。