太阳常数的微小变化在气候变化中的作用

将复杂的气候系统抽象为含有云辐射动态反馈过程的高度非线性气候模型,利用分岔理论,分析了该模型的平衡态及其稳定性。计算结果表明,云反照率反馈、地表反照率反馈和水汽反馈是气候系统呈现多平衡态结构的主要因素,是气候变化复杂性根源,而云放射率反馈对系统结构的影响,只有在强烈的水汽放射率反馈条件下才表现明显。较强的地表反照率反馈和水汽放射率反馈,均可在太阳常数仅有微小变化时就能导致全球气候突变。     

Asymmetric seafloor spreading and short ridge jumps in the Australian-Antarctic discordance

The crenulated geometry of the Southeast Indian ridge within the Australian-Antarctic discordance is formed by numerous spreading ridge segments that are offset, alternately to the north and south, by transform faults. Suggested causes for these offsets, which largely developed since ~ 20 Ma, include asymmetric seafloor spreading, ridge jumps, and propagating rifts that have transferred seafloor from one flank of the spreading ridge to the other. Each of these processes has operated at different times in different locations of the discordance; here we document an instance where a small (~ 20 km), young (< 0.2 Ma), southward ridge jump has contributed to the observed asymmetry. When aeromagnetic anomalies from the Project Investigator-1 survey are superposed on gravity anomalies computed from Geosat GM and ERM data, we find that in segment B4 of the discordance (between 125° and 126° E), the roughly east-west-trending gravity low, correlated with the axial valley, is 20–25 km south of the ridge axis position inferred from the center of magnetic anomaly 1. Elsewhere in the discordance, the inferred locations of the ridge axis from magnetics and gravity are in excellent agreement. Ship track data confirm these observations: portions of Moana Wave track crossing the ridge in B4 show that a topographic valley correlated with the gravity anomaly low lies south of the center of magnetic anomaly 1; while other ship track data that cross the spreading ridge in segments B3 and B5 demonstrate good agreement between the axial valley, the gravity anomaly low, and the central magnetic anomaly. Based on these observations, we speculate that the ridge axis in B4 has recently jumped to the south, from a ridge location closer to the center of the young normally magnetized crust, to that of the gravity anomaly low. The position of the gravity low essentially at the edge of normally magnetized crust requires a very recent (< 0.2 Ma) arrival of the ridge in this new location. Because this ridge jump is so young, it may be a promising location for future detailed studies of the dynamics, kinematics, and thermal effects of ridge jumps.The U.S. Government right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

底流消能方式水电站泄洪雾化模型试验研究

泄洪雾化现象是伴随着高坝泄洪消能带来的一个负面效应,它对于电厂的安全运行、周围环境等有一定的影响。采用大比尺模型试验方法研究向家坝水电站泄洪雾化问题,利用类似消能工的湾塘水电站泄洪雾化原型观测成果,反馈分析了雾化模型尺度效应,得到了雾化量的相似律,并预测和评价了向家坝水电站泄洪雾化影响。     

热点作用背景下的洋中脊跃迁和扩展作用:印度洋盆地张开过程探讨

在《印度洋底大地构造图》的基础上,分析了印度洋盆构造格局和洋盆演化重大事件序列,并从印度洋盆初始裂解机制、扩张中心跃迁与热点作用、洋中脊扩展作用等方面讨论了印度洋盆的张开过程,提出以下几点认识:(1)现今印度洋洋中脊可分为两个系统:东南印度洋中脊-中印度洋中脊-卡斯伯格洋脊系统(东支)和西南印度洋中脊系统(西支),前者是太平洋洋中脊扩展作用的产物,后者是太平洋-东南印度洋中脊与大西洋中脊之间构造调节的产物;(2)印度洋盆最初裂解受地幔柱垂向挤压-水平伸展作用控制,沿前寒武造山带等地壳薄弱带发育;(3)印度洋盆经历两次扩张中心的跃迁,其趋向性跃迁方向与热点相对板块的运动方向具有一致性,显示两者存在内在联系。(4)大西洋和太平洋洋中脊在印度洋交汇,于古近纪连通,末端伴随陆块持续发生碎裂化、裂解化,可称为鱼尾构造模式,表明印度洋盆衔接和调节了三大洋盆的发育和演化过程,具有全球洋盆枢纽的关键意义。     

磁通锁定跟踪回路的失锁问题

变化速率过快的输入信号和系统内部的噪声常常导致SQUID磁力仪发生“失锁现象”。本文分析了造成失锁的二个原因—自然摆率有限和噪声,给出了满足1～2阶Wiener最佳SQUID系统参数与失锁性能之间的若干关系式。     

Tsunami ascending in rivers as an undular bore

At time of the 1983 Japan Sea tsunami, waves in the form of a bore ascended many rivers. In some cases, bores had the form of one initial wave with a train of smaller waves, and in other cases, such a wave train did not appear and only a step with a flat water surface behind was observed. In the present study, it is clarified that both undular-type and nonundular-type bores can be recognized as solutions of the KdV-Burger's equation which was introduced by Johnson in 1972. Numerically obtained analytical solutions and results of laboratory experiments are compared.     

面向跟踪系统的多通道传输策略研究

本文主要研究了面向跟踪系统的多通道传输策略的问题.采用多通道代替单通道进行数据传输,降低数据传输过程中的丢包概率,提高数据传输的可靠性.通过对系统输出的测量和跟踪,分析跟踪误差和输出误差,找到系统能满足稳定的条件.用满足Markov分布的离散随机状态来描述通道选择情况,Markov状态转移矩阵表征不同状态之间的转移概率,从而进行稳定性分析.通过构造Lyapunov泛函和利用线性矩阵不等式处理等方法,给出了多通道传输系统满足稳定性和严格（Q,S,R）-γ-耗散性的充分条件,并设计了满足上述性能的控制器.最后通过一个仿真实例验证了本文所得结论的正确性.     

应用Argus多接收稀有气体质谱仪准确测量空气的Ar同位素组成

稀有气体质谱仪准确测量氩同位素组成是Ar-Ar法高精度定年的前提,目前测量氩同位素主要应用单接收或多接收质谱仪,其中多接收稀有气体质谱仪在数据准确性和重现性等方面具备优势。本文研究了Argus多接收稀有气体质谱仪应用于测量Ar同位素过程中一些主要因素对测量结果准确度和重现性的影响情况。结果表明,整套系统在静态模式下不同时间段的本底值极低,不影响测定;仪器电子倍增器的接收效率优于99.67%,可显著提高Ar低含量样品测量精度,当⁴⁰Ar信号强度低于0.5 V时,用电子倍增器测量⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar组成的标准偏差仅为0.11%,而用法拉第杯测量⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar组成的标准偏差为0.53%;仪器的质量歧视效应可通过多次循环测量并采用指数定律获得稳定的质量歧视校正因子(此值相对标准偏差为0.0434%),实现对Ar同位素组成的准确校正。本文以测量空气中的氩同位素组成为例,证明了Argus多接收稀有气体质谱仪的测试效率比单个接收器跳峰方式的测试效率高,测试结果更精确,因此适合年轻样品或含钾量极低的样品的Ar-Ar高精度定年工作。     

形变数字化观测曲线畸变与处理——兼论资料预处理中遇到的一些问题

数字化形变台站日常下载、处理直至管理数据,都应用《数字化通讯控制软件》、《形变前兆台站(网)数据处理系统》及《形变前兆数据库服务软件(台站版)》等三个软件交互进行,在实际使用过程中会遇到一些棘手的问题。本文结合我台的观测工作的实践,总结经验,以供台站同行共享。     

宽浅陡槽水流动量分布特性及影响分析

对宽浅陡槽水流特性及其对下游消能衔接影响进行了试验研究。首先通过对浅层急流边界层的发展、掺气特点的分析探讨,得到了宽浅陡槽水流阻力损失比一般陡槽急流大许多的能量损耗特点及相应流速系数的范围值。分析了不同水流、边界条件下宽浅陡槽水流动量分布的特性,发现宽深比<40而流量较大时,陡槽末端呈“马鞍型”动量横向分布,具有较强的稳定性与抗干扰性;宽深比>40而流量较小时,陡槽末端呈“椭圆型”动量横向分布,这种态势缺乏对外界干扰的遏制能力,稳定性很差。指出,宽浅陡槽末端水流不稳定源于浅层急流断面动量横向分布缺乏强大的两翼控制,形成微小干扰累加递增作用,最终导致末端水跃的不稳与消能不充分,并提出了调整动量分布改善下游衔接水流稳定性的措施。