台风“摩羯”（1814）的路径特点与预报分析

2018年8月13—16日台风“摩羯”（1814）及其残余低压环流影响山东,造成区域性暴雨或大暴雨。利用常规气象观测资料和区域自动气象站、天气雷达、气象卫星等资料及数值天气预报产品对此过程进行分析,总结了“摩羯”的路径特点。此次台风“摩羯”路径特殊,并出现突变。通过对“摩羯”的路径预报仔细分析,得出台风路径预报着眼点和部分有指示意义的预报指标。环流形势分析是预报台风路径的一个重要前提,大陆高压显著增强是环流形势调整的一个信号,是预报“摩羯”路径的一个关键因素;台风前进方向的对流层温度脊线和500 hPa正涡度轴线对台风未来路径有良好的指示作用。分析结果能够为提高山东台风路径预报的准确率提供参考。     

矿床变化与保存研究的裂变径迹新途径

矿床形成后的变化与保存是矿床学研究与找矿勘探中一项极其重要但仍需进一步加强的基础性工作。影响矿床变化与保存的众多因素中,区域隆升与剥蚀是最为关键的因素之一。裂变径迹法是研究区域隆升与剥蚀的一种有效手段,它能为我们提供剥蚀速率以及剥蚀量的定量数据。一些产于花岗质岩体内与岩体有成因联系的矿床,其成矿深度可以通过详细的流体包裹体研究来获得。通过成矿深度与岩体剥蚀深度对比分析,能使我们更好地了解矿床形成后变化保存条件。裂变径迹法与流体包裹体研究相结合是矿床形成后变化与保存研究一种切实可行的方法。     

Hillslope water tracks in the High Arctic: Seasonal flow dynamics with changing water sources in preferential flow paths

Preferential subsurface flow paths known as water tracks are often the principal hydrological pathways of headwater catchments in permafrost areas, exerting an influence on slope physical and biogeochemical processes. In polar deserts, where water resources depend on snow redistribution, water tracks are mostly found in hydrologically active areas downslope from snowdrifts. Here, we measured the flow through seeping water track networks and at the front of a perennial snowdrift, at Ward Hunt Island in the Canadian High Arctic. We also used stable isotope analysis to determine the origin of this water, which ultimately discharges into Ward Hunt Lake. These measurements of water track hydrology indicated a glacio‐nival run‐off regime, with flow production mechanisms that included saturation overland flow (return flow) in a low sloping area, throughflow or pipe‐like flow in most seepage locations, and infiltration excess overland flow at the front of the snowdrift. Each mechanism delivered varying proportions of snowmelt and ground water, and isotopic compositions evolved during the melting season. Unaltered snowmelt water contributed to >90% of total flow from water track networks early in the season, and these values fell to <5% towards the end of the melting season. In contrast, infiltration excess overland flow from snowdrift consisted of a steady percentage of snowmelt water in July (mean of 69%) and August (71%). The water seeping at locations where no snow was left in August 2015 was isotopically enriched, indicating a contribution of the upper, ice‐rich layer of permafrost to late summer discharge during warmer years. Air temperature was the main driver of snowmelt, but the effect of slope aspect on solar radiation best explained the diurnal discharge variation at all sites. The water tracks in this polar desert are part of a patterned ground network, which increases connectivity between the principal water sources (snowdrifts) and the bottom of the slope. This would reduce soil–water interactions and solute release, thereby favouring the low nutrient status of the lake.     

高铁轨道基准网3维构网测量及其平差方法

针对当前高速铁路轨道基准网存在的不足,提出了一种基于3维自由测站交会构网的轨道基准网测量及其数据处理的新方法。首先采用边角网间接平差的严密精度估算方法,对轨道基准网的点间相对精度进行仿真计算;然后结合西南交通大学轨道基准网实验网实测数据,采用自检校3维网平差方法进行数据处理。通过仿真计算和对实验数据的计算分析,认为构网法可以用于轨道基准网3维网测量及其数据处理。而且该方法严谨、效率更优,可供有关部门参照和借鉴。     

Relative vulnerability of the forests along southeastern African coasts to cyclones

The forests of southeastern Africa are vulnerable to damage imposed by tropical cyclones operating in the South Indian Ocean. We undertook a geographical analysis to determine the relative vulnerability of forests given tropical cyclones recorded during the 1959–2008 storm seasons. From this analysis, eastern coastal forests of Madagascar seem to be the most vulnerable, although return intervals for severe storms vary along the eastern coast, and are shorter (about 10 years) through the central portion of the country. Therefore, the central lowland to upper montane rainforests on the eastern coast seem to be more vulnerable to damage from tropical cyclones than others in the area. While not as extensive, western coastal forests of Madagascar are also as vulnerable in part due to the recurvature of storms in the Mozambique Channel. Though the coastal forests of Mozambique are all nearly equal in terms of vulnerability, the return interval for severe storms to this area is highly variable. The inland Miombo forests of southeast Africa are less vulnerable to damage from tropical cyclones; however, portions of western Mozambique and Zimbabwe have experienced strong tropical storms in the last 50 years. A number of caveats and limitations associated with the data and analyses are noted. Given the broad scale of the study, the relative vulnerability and the return intervals for severe storms should be considered general representations of these phenomena for the southeastern African coast and the island of Madagascar.     

A fission-track and (U–Th)/He thermochronometric study of the northern margin of the South China Sea: An example of a complex passive margin

Zircon fission track (ZFT), apatite fission track (AFT) and (U–Th)/He thermochronometric data are used to reconstruct the Cenozoic exhumation history of the South China continental margin. A south to north sample transect from coast to continental interior yielded ZFT ages between 116.6 ± 4.7 Ma and 87.3 ± 4.0, indicating that by the Late Cretaceous samples were at depths of 5–6 km in the upper crust. Apatite FT ages range between 60.9 ± 3.6 and 37.3 ± 2.3 Ma with mean track lengths between 13.26 ± 0.16 µm and 13.95 ± 0.19 µm whilst AHe ages are marginally younger 47.5 ± 1.9–15.3 ± 0.5 Ma. These results show the sampled rocks resided in the top 1–1.5 km of the crust for most of the Cenozoic. Thermal history modeling of the combined FT and (U–Th)/He datasets reveal a common three stage cooling history which differed systematically in timing inland away from the rifted margin. 1) Initial phase of rapid cooling that youngs to the north, 2) a period of relative (but not perfect) thermal stasis at ~ 70–60 °C which increases in duration from the south to the north; 3) final-stage cooling to surface temperatures that initiated in all samples between 15 and 10 Ma. The timing and pattern of rock uplift and erosion does not fit with conventional passive margin landscape models that require youngest exhumation ages to be concentrated at or close to the rifted margin. The history of South China margin is more complex aided by weakened crust from the active margin period that immediately preceded rifting and opening of the South China Sea. This rheological inheritance created a transition zone of steeply thinned crust that served as a flexural filter disconnecting the northern margin of the South China block and site of active rifting to the south. Consequently whilst the South China margin displays many features of a rifted continental margin its exhumation history does not conform to conventional images of a passive margin.     

上扬子西部地区新生代构造活动的低温热年代学特征

上扬子西部地区磷灰石裂变径迹年龄数据的统计为该区的新生代构造活动建立了宏观的图景,初步构建了区域上新生代构造活动和陆内变形的时空联系。揭示新生代构造活动在时间上存在大约61～43 Ma和大约24 Ma以来两个阶段的显著差异,约24 Ma是上扬子板块西部地区新生代构造活动显著增强的一个重要转折时期。在空间上大致以松潘-安县为界构成南、北分段。构造活动和区域抬升-剥露总体表现为南强北弱,西强东弱的格局。南段是新生代活动的主控区,以强烈地构造抬升和构造改造为主,而北段总体上受制于白垩纪的抬升-剥露,新生代以来主要表现出剥蚀和弱构造改造的特征。新生代的构造活动受制于青藏高原抬升作用向东扩展的影响。上扬子西部地区新生代构造活动在一定程度上制约了该区油气的圈闭环境和成藏条件。     

全液压车载钻机在缺水地区化探取样中的应用研究

针对干旱、半干旱地区缺水的特点,结合化探取样的要求,采用全液压车载钻机空气潜孔锤钻进工艺。结合车载钻机在西北部地区化探取样工作中遇到的问题,由此采取的有效措施、总结取得的经验成果,为该地区工作的进一步开展提供一些参考;同时使空气正反循环工艺在浅层取样的应用上更加完善,更加成熟,给本行业的工程技术人员提供一些思路。     

郑西客专陕西段路基湿陷性黄土地基处理简介

郑州至西安铁路客运专线为时速350千米的无砟轨道铁路,其路基竣工后不允许发生15 mm以上的沉降,为满足该要求,开展了相关试验研究,确定了湿陷性黄土地基处理原则,采用水泥土挤密桩、长短桩及埋入式连续桩板结构成功地对地基进行了处理,取得的成果对即将修建的西宝客专、宝兰客专、西成客专及大西客专具有借鉴意义.     

Apatite fission track evidence for Neogene uplift in the eastern Kunlun Mountains, northern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China

Forty-one apatite fission track ages (AFT) were determined on samples collected along a N–S section of the eastern Kunlun Mountains across the Middle and South Kunlun Faults between Buqingshan and Dulan. Measured AFT ages lie between 25±2 and 130±10 Ma, and all are significantly younger than their host rock formation or sediment deposition ages. Modelling the AFT data identifies a two stage regional cooling history that spans the last 100 Myrs. The earliest cooling phase occurred between the late Jurassic and early Tertiary and involved a moderate level of cooling between 20 and 40 °C, equivalent to average exhumation rates of =15 m/Myr. The second phase of cooling took place from 20 Ma with cooling rates increasing tenfold. Average exhumation rates for this period are estimated to be in the range of 100–150 m/Myr. The first stage of protracted cooling is consistent with regional evidence from the Qiantang and Lhasa terrans where previous studies have noted low rates of denudation in relation to a back-arc extensional setting. The more recent acceleration in cooling seen in the Kunlun data coincides with an increase in sedimentation rates in the adjacent Qaidam Basin. This points to a phase of Neogene uplift and increased erosion of the Kunlun Range, although contemporaneous monsoon strengthening may also have had a role.