两种动力控制变量对比分析及其对台风同化和预报的影响

目前常用的流函数-势函数(ψ-χ)和水平风分量(U-V)两种动力控制变量方案分别被认为适用于大尺度同化和对流尺度同化,而两种方案在台风尺度同化中的具体特征及其对台风预报的影响尚未明确。基于WRF-3DVarDA系统,分析不同动力控制变量方案的背景场误差协方差的统计特征,并进行了单点观测同化理想试验和5场台风过程的20组连续循环同化和预报批量试验。两种动力控制变量方案的背景场误差协方差的统计特征分析表明,ψ-χ方案背景场误差更小、长度尺度更大,而U-V方案的局地性特征更明显,方差更大;单点观测试验证实了两种方案的统计特征,也表明ψ-χ作为控制变量会导致虚假负增量的出现;批量试验表明,U-V方案的台风路径、最大风速以及台风强度的整体优于ψ-χ方案;诊断分析表明,U-V方案得到的更合理的热动力结构特征是提高台风预报的主要原因。     

A Precipitation Detection Method for MWTS-Ⅱ Radiance Assimilation in Typhoon Simulation

FY-3C Microwave Temperature Sounder Ⅱ(MWTS-Ⅱ) lacks observations at 23.8 GHz, 31 GHz and 89 GHz,making it difficult to remove the data contaminated by precipitation in assimilation. In this paper, a fast forward operator based on the Community Radiative Transfer Model(CRTM) was used to analyze the relationship between the observation minus background simulation(O-B) and the cloud fractions in different MWTS-Ⅱ channels. In addition,based on the community Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation(GSI) system, the radiation brightness temperature of the MWTS-Ⅱ was assimilated in the regional Numerical Weather Prediction(NWP) model. In the process of assimilation,Visible and Infrared Radiometer(VIRR) cloud detection products were matched to MWTS-Ⅱ pixels for precipitation detection. For typhoon No. 18 in 2014, impact tests of MWTS-Ⅱ data assimilation was carried out. The results show that,though the bias observation minus analysis(O-A) of assimilated data can be reduced by quality control only with | O-B| 3 K; however, the O-A becomes much smaller while the precipitation detection is performed with F_(virr) 0.9(VIRR cloud fraction threshold of 0.9). Besides, the change of the environmental field around the typhoon is more conducive to make the simulated track closer to the observation. The 72-hour typhoon track simulation error also shows that, after the precipitation detection, the error of simulated typhoon track is significantly reduced, which reflects the validity of a precipitation detection method based on a double criterion of | O-B | 3 K and F_(virr) 0.9.     

我国中东部雷暴活动特征分析

基于2010—2014年国家闪电监测网的云-地闪电定位数据,利用雷暴识别与追踪算法获得了505 257个雷暴系统,进而统计分析了我国中东部地区的雷暴发生发展特征。考虑地形和气候差异,将我国中东部划分为东北、华北、华中与华东、西南、华南五个区域,对比了上述区域的雷暴中地闪活动持续时间、移动距离、移动速度等特征,并进一步对雷暴发生的环境物理量特征进行了统计分析,最后讨论了雷暴发生与地形的相关关系。结果显示:雷暴具有局地性强、快速生消的特性,超过70%的雷暴移动速度低于60 km·h~(-1),超过80%的雷暴持续时间低于2 h,超过90%的雷暴移动距离低于60 km;东北地区雷暴移动速度相对更快,西南地区移速较慢且雷暴移动距离更短。华中与华东、华南地区雷暴发生的整层可降水量与对流有效位能值最高,西南次之,东北与华北地区最低,而0～6 km垂直风切变则反之;广东、海南等地为雷暴发生最活跃区域,江南、西南地区东部、华南地区西部、华北地区太行山一带等地为雷暴发生较为活跃的地区;雷暴发生与地形密切相关,四川盆地西麓与珠江三角洲地区明显呈现出随地形抬升而导致雷暴触发的情况。     

2019年影响中国台风的降水预报误差及其来源研究

针对2019年影响中国的8个台风,利用面向降水对象的CRA(contiguous rain area)方法研究了欧洲中期天气预报中心确定性预报的降水误差来源,及其在不同预报时段和降水量级下的变化趋势,分析了台风路径预报误差与降水对象的CRA位置误差之间的相关性,对比计算了台风路径修正与CRA shifting方法对于改进降水预报的作用,并评估了台风降水概率分布、径向分布和非对称分布的预报误差。结果表明:总体而言,台风降水预报的主要误差来自于位置误差和形态误差;除特大量级降水以外,台风降水对象的CRA位置误差与路径误差显著相关,通过修正台风路径能改进降水预报,但其效果要逊于CRA shifting方法;预报的台风降水概率密度分布形态与观测总体上较为一致,但台风核心区内的预报降水强度均大于观测;台风登陆或靠近我国沿海前后,预报降水较观测更靠近台风中心,且略滞后于观测,预报降水的非对称性明显弱于观测。     

THE DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF THE TRACK AND PRECIPITATION OF TYPHOON “RANANIM” AFTER LANDFALL

1 INTRODUCTIONOver the past few years, landfall and track,intensity, sustaining mechanisms of tropical cyclones(hereafter TCs) and associated weather changes havebecome heated topics of research. From the viewpointsof energy transformation, moisture transfer, mid-latitude baroclinic frontal zones and ambient windfields,Chen et al.[1] Le et al.[2] and Zeng et al.[3] studiedthe sustaining mechanism of TCs that have madelandfall. Li et al.[4] also pointed out that theintensification of TC…     

河南省2005-06-21强对流天气分析

利用天气图和FY-2C的卫星云图及其反演产品,分析了2005年6月21日凌晨到上午河南省中部的雷雨大风和冰雹天气过程,结果表明:高空冷平流、地面辐合线和前期贮存的较高不稳定能量,为此次强对流天气过程提供了极为有利的不稳定能量和动力条件;在灾害性天气发生的前期,FY-2C卫星云图及其反演产品有很好的指示性,云顶亮温梯度大的区域是灾害性天气的易发区,对流性降水易发生在高层急流南侧的低层高湿区。     

集成方法在热带气旋路径和强度预报中的应用

利用多元线性回归、递归正权决策和算术平均方法,分别建立热带气旋路径和强度多模式集成预报方程,并用2004年西北太平洋和南海生成的热带气旋资料进行预报试验,同时对各家预报和集成预报进行了检验分析。结果表明,用集成预报方法作热带气旋路径和强度预报是可行的,预报年总平均误差有一定程度的减小,最大预报误差也有所减小,出现较大预报误差的概率明显减小。集成方法的预报能力一般好于集成方法中采用的任意单一预报,体现了集成方法的优越性。     

Mean Flow–Storm Track Relationship and Rossby Wave Breaking in Two Types of El-Nino

The features of large-scale circulation, storm tracks and the dynamical relationship between them were examined by investigating Rossby wave breaking(RWB) processes associated with Eastern Pacific(EP) and Central Pacific(CP) El-Nin o. During EP El-Nin o, the geopotential height anomaly at 500 hPa(Z500) exhibits a Pacific–North America(PNA) pattern. During CP El-Nin o, the Z500 anomaly shows a north positive–south negative pattern over the North Pacific. The anomalous distributions of baroclinicity and storm track are consistent with those of upper-level zonal wind for both EP and CP El-Nin o, suggesting impacts of mean flow on storm track variability. Anticyclonic wave breaking(AWB) occurs less frequently in EP El-Nin o years, while cyclonic wave breaking(CWB) occurs more frequently in CP El-Nin o years over the North Pacific sector. Outside the North Pacific, more CWB events occur over North America during EP El-Nin o. When AWB events occur less frequently over the North Pacific during EP El-Nin o, Z500 decreases locally and the zonal wind is strengthened(weakened) to the south(north). This is because AWB events reflect a monopole high anomaly at the centroid of breaking events. When CWB events occur more frequently over the North Pacific under CP El-Nin o conditions, and over North America under EP El-Nin o condition, Z500 increases(decreases) to the northeast(southwest), since CWB events are related to a northeast–southwest dipole Z500 anomaly. The anomalous RWB events act to invigorate and reinforce the circulation anomalies over the North Pacific–North America region linked with the two types of El-Nin o.     

IMPACT OF TROPICAL INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION ON THE TRACKS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC

In this work,an index of tropical 20-90 d oscillation(intra-seasonal oscillation;ISO)in the western North Pacific(WNP)was determined via the combined empirical orthogonal function(EOF)method using daily outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)field data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA),daily wind field data(at 850 hPa)from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)and referencing the Madden-Julian oscillation(MJO)index proposed by Wheeler and Hendon.An in-depth investigation was conducted to examine the impact of the ISO on changes in tropical cyclone(TC)tracks in the WNP during different ISO phases.The research results indicate that during the easterly phase of the ISO,under the impact of the northeastern airflow of anti-cyclonic ISO circulation,the easterly airflow south of the western Pacific subtropical high is relatively weak,and TCs generated in the subtropical high tend to change their tracks east of 140°E;during the westerly phase,there is a relatively high probability that TCs change their tracks west of 140°E.This work also analyzed the ISO flow field situation in cases of typhoons and determined that the track of a tropical cyclone will experience a sudden right turn when the center of the ISO cyclonic(anti-cyclonic)circulation coincides with that of the cyclone.     

鞍型场对热带气旋移动路径影响的研究

鞍型场是一种特殊的流场,鞍点附近气压梯度很小,风场很弱,引导气流不明显。当热带气旋进入鞍型场时,会表现为停滞、打转、突然转向等异常路径。采用NCEP资料对2011年热带气旋"梅花"路径和大尺度形势场分析结果表明,在其整个生命史中出现三次移动路径转折,热带气旋进入鞍型场后,出现在鞍点附近停滞、移动缓慢、突然转向等异常路径。利用理想变形场和兰金涡旋相结合的鞍型场作为背景场,用梯度风平衡构造了理想热带气旋,分别考虑了科氏参数为常数和β平面近似两种情况,利用二维浅水模式对热带气旋处于鞍点和收缩轴附近不同位置的情况进行了数值对比试验。当科氏参数为常数时,处于鞍点位置的热带气旋在鞍点停滞;而当采用β平面近似时,处于鞍点位置的热带气旋向东北低压一侧移动,并和低压合并。当初始热带气旋处于鞍点南侧的收缩轴上以及偏东或偏西100 km时,会出现三种截然不同的移动路径。试验结果表明:鞍型场对热带气旋有"陷阱"作用。当热带气旋进入到鞍型场区并接近鞍点时,在β漂移和弱引导气流作用下,可能陷入鞍点附近区域,移动缓慢,出现异常路径,也可能沿着膨胀轴向偏东或偏西方向移动,使得热带气旋突然转向。热带气旋的移动对其和收缩轴的相对位置十分敏感,数十千米的偏差可能会导致截然相反的移动路径。