走航ADCP数据处理与质量控制方法研究

介绍了声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)测流的基本原理和利用ADCP自带软件进行原始数据处理过程中需要设置的关键参数;着重论述了ADCP数据标准化处理和质量控制方法的研究,并利用实测数据对研究方法进行了验证。结果表明,本文研究的方法针对ADCP底跟踪观测数据处理效果良好,并可为GPS跟踪模式下的ADCP数据处理和质量控制提供可行的技术参考。     

U–Pb and fission‐track dating of a submarine pyroclastic rock from southwest Japan

The Okinoshima Formation crops out on Okinoshima Island and comprises a thick sequence (> 200 m) of pyroclastic rocks and alternating beds of sandstone and mudstone. Because Okinoshima Island is located between Honshu and Tsushima Island, the Okinoshima Formation potentially provides an important record of volcanism during the opening of the Japan Sea in northwest Kyushu, as well as a record of the formation of the present Genkai Sea region. In consideration of the lack of previous geochronological work, dating (fission‐track and U–Pb) of igneous zircons extracted from the Okinoshima Formation were undertaken and studied the clay mineral alteration in the pyroclastic material in order to reveal its thermal history. These data are used to constrain the age of the Okinoshima Formation and the present Genkai Sea region. Our results show that no thermal event has reset the fission‐track age after deposition of the pyroclastic rocks, and that the Okinoshima Formation was deposited at 16.2 Ma. The present Genkai Sea region is a deep‐sea basin, and its formation at 16.2 Ma was accompanied by submarine volcanism and rapid subsidence that marked the climactic stage of Japan Sea formation. After 16 Ma, the tectonic setting of the present Genkai Sea region changed from one of extension (related to the formation of the Japan Sea) to one of compression, with uplift occurring under the influence of the clockwise rotation of southwest Japan. Consequently, after 16 Ma the present Genkai Sea region became isolated from the forming processes of the Japan Sea.     

Zircon fission‐track and U–Pb double dating using femtosecond laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry: A technical note

We present a new LA–ICP–MS system for zircon fission‐track (FT) and U–Pb double dating, whereby a femtosecond laser combined with galvanometric optics simultaneously ablates multiple spots to measure average surface U contents. The U contents of zircon measured by LA–ICP–MS and standardized with the NIST SRM610 glass are comparable to those measured by the induced FT method, and have smaller analytical errors. LA–ICP–MS FT dating of seven zircon samples including three IUGS age standards is as accurate as the external detector method, but can give a higher‐precision age depending on the counting statistics of the U content measurement. Double dating of the IUGS age standards gives FT and U–Pb ages that are in agreement. A chip of the Nancy 91500 zircon has a homogeneous U content of 84 ppm, suggesting the possibility of using this zircon as a matrix‐matched U‐standard for FT dating. When using the Nancy 91500 zircon as a U‐standard, a zeta calibration value of 42–43 year cm² for LA–ICP–MS FT dating is obtained. While this value is strictly valid only for the particular session, it can serve as a reference for other studies.     

地形重力波举力效应对台风路径偏转的影响

举力效应是指方向性切变气流经过地形激发的重力波能够使平均气流发生水平旋转.本文首先根据日本气象厅台风数据集统计了2006—2015年登陆台湾的台风个例,分析台风路径的偏转情况.然后利用二维傅里叶变换对欧洲中间尺度天气预报中心的再分析数据进行滤波,得到台风的环境大气层结和水平风场.最后根据台风环境风场以及台湾地形计算地形重力波举力,分析举力对台风路径偏转的可能贡献.结果表明,近十年共有20个台风登陆台湾,其中2006—2008年有10个.除去5个路径较为复杂的台风,本文对15个台风的地形重力波举力进行分析,发现有14个台风的路径偏转方向与举力方向一致.对于路径偏转最为明显的6个台风(偏转角度大于30°),地形重力波举力对台风路径偏转的贡献可达10%,部分解释了台风经过台湾地形时发生的路径偏转.     

BURIAL AND EXHUMATION OF THE XIGAZE FORE-ARC BASIN FROM LOW TEMPERATURE THERMOCHRONOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

The Xigaze fore-arc basin is adjacent to the Indian plate and Eurasia collision zone. Understanding the erosion history of the Xigaze fore-arc basin is significant for realizing the impact of the orogenic belt due to the collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate. The different uplift patterns of the plateau will form different denudation characteristics. If all part of Tibet Plateau uplifted at the same time, the erosion rate of exterior Tibet Plateau will be much larger than the interior plateau due to the active tectonic action, relief, and outflow system at the edge. If the plateau grows from the inside to the outside or from the north to south sides, the strong erosion zone will gradually change along the tectonic active zone that expands to the outward, north, or south sides. Therefore, the different uplift patterns are likely to retain corresponding evidence on the erosion information. The Xigaze fore-arc basin is adjacent to the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone. Its burial, deformation and erosion history during or after the collision between the Indian plate and Eurasia are very important to understand the influence of plateau uplift on erosion. In this study, we use the apatite fission track(AFT)ages and zircon and apatite(U-Th)/He(ZHe and AHe)ages, combined with the published low-temperature thermochronological age to explore the thermal evolution process of the Xigaze fore-arc basin. The samples' elevation is in the range of 3 860~4 070m. All zircon and apatite samples were dated by the external detector method, using low~U mica sheets as external detectors for fission track ages. A Zeiss Axioskop microscope(1 250×, dry)and FT Stage 4.04 system at the Fission Track Laboratory of the University of Waikato in New Zealand were used to carry out fission track counting. We crushed our samples finely, and then used standard heavy liquid and magnetic separation with additional handpicking methods to select zircon and apatite grains. The new results show that the ZHe age of the sample M7-01 is(27.06±2.55)Ma(Table 2), and the corresponding AHe age is(9.25±0.76)Ma. The ZHe and AHe ages are significantly smaller than the stratigraphic age, indicating suffering from annealing reset(Table 3). The fission apatite fission track ages are between(74.1±7.8)Ma and(18.7±2.9)Ma, which are less than the corresponding stratigraphic age. The maximum AFT age is(74.1±7.8)Ma, and the minimum AFT age is(18.7±2.9)Ma. There is a significant north~south difference in the apatite fission track ages of the Xigaze fore-arc basin. The apatite fission track ages of the south part are 74~44Ma, the corresponding exhumation rate is 0.03~0.1km/Ma, and the denudation is less than 2km; the apatite fission track ages of the north part range from 27 to 15Ma and the ablation rate is 0.09~0.29km/Ma, but it lacks the exhumation information of the early Cenozoic. The apatite(U-Th)/He age indicates that the north~south Xigaze fore-arc basin has a consistent exhumation history after 15Ma. The results of low temperature thermochronology show that exhumation histories are different between the northern and southern Xigaze fore-arc basin. From 70 to 60Ma, the southern Xigaze fore-arc basin has been maintained in the depth of 0~6km in the near surface, and has not been eroded or buried beyond this depth. The denudation is less than the north. The low-temperature thermochronological data of the northern part only record the exhumation history after 30Ma because of the young low-temperature thermochronological data. During early Early Miocene, the rapid erosion in the northern part of Xigaze fore-arc basin may be related to the river incision of the paleo-Yarlungzangbo River. The impact of Great Count Thrust on regional erosion is limited. The AHe data shows that the exhumation history of the north-south Xigaze fore-arc basin are consistent after 15Ma. In addition, the low-temperature thermochronological data of the northern Xigaze fore-arc basin constrains geographic range of the Kailas conglomerate during the late Oligocene~Miocene along the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone. The Kailas Basin only develops in the narrow, elongated zone between the fore-arc basin and the Gangdese orogenic belt. The southern part of the Xigaze fore-arc basin has been uplifted from the sea level to the plateau at an altitude of 4.2km, despite the collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian continent and the late fault activity, but the plateau has been slowly denuded since the early Cenozoic. The rise did not directly contribute to the accelerated erosion in the area, which is inconsistent with the assumption that rapid erosion means that the orogenic belt begins to rise.     

基于升降轨SBAS-InSAR技术的城市地区地表沉降监测

研究采用SBAS-InSAR技术,结合Sentinel-1A升降轨道数据对青海省西宁市市区进行了地表沉降监测。实验结果发现西宁市市区中沉降速率大、下沉现象明显的4个沉降区域,这些沉降区域漏斗主要发生于新建城市居民楼小区、道路、高速公路和山区区域附近。其中,Ⅲ号区域在监测时间内地面点下沉速率最高值可超过-27 mm/a,累积沉降量甚至超过了50mm。经过研究分析,区域的大范围性沉降效应主要是由于近几年大规模的城市化建设和交通轨道建设损坏了地表的土层地质平衡状态,从而引起了地表土层不可逆转的下沉现象。同时,通过对两组数据的沉降速率值作地理同名点的线性函数分析可以得到相关系数高达0.9854,这很好地验证了数据成果的可靠性和精准性。     

Traction rheological properties of simulative soil for deep-sea sediment

The traction capacity of the mining machine is greatly in?uenced by the traction rheological properties of the deep-sea sediments. The best simulative soil was prepared for substituting the deep-sea sediment based on the deep-sea sediment collected from the Paci?c C-C mining area. Traction rheological properties of the simulative soil were studied by a home-made test apparatus. In order to accurately describe the traction rheological properties and determine traction rheological parameters, the Newtonian dashpot in Maxwell body of Burgers model was replaced by a self-similarity spring-dashpot fractance and a new rheological constitutive model was deduced by fractional derivative theory. The results show the simulative soil has obvious non-attenuate rheological properties. The transient creep and stable creep rate increase with the traction, but they decrease with ground pressure. The fractional derivative Burgers model are better in describing non-attenuate rheological properties of the simulative soil than the classical Burgers model. For the new traction rheological constitutive equation of the simulative soil, the traction rheological parameters can be obtained by ?tting the tested traction creep data with the traction creep constitutive equation. The ground contact length of track and walking velocity of the mining machine predicted by the traction rheological constitutive equation can be used to take full advantages of the maximum traction provided by the soil and safely improve mining effciency.     

地形对台风Megi(2010)过岛阶段路径偏折影响的数值研究

采用谱逼近方法减小大尺度环境场模拟偏差,通过地形敏感性试验,研究吕宋岛山脉地形高度对台风Megi(2010)过岛阶段路径偏折的影响。模拟试验表明,谱逼近700 hPa高度层以上天气尺度风场分量的数值试验不仅能够反映大尺度环流对台风路径的引导作用,同时保留了中低层环流对地形影响的响应,较为准确地反映了Megi靠近和登陆吕宋岛过程中的持续南压过程,以及离开吕宋岛后的突然北折过程。在此模拟基础上,通过对地形高度敏感性试验结果诊断和影响区域空气质点进行后向轨迹分析,表明在台风向山脉靠近过程中,台风外围和内核环流均受地形影响,迎风坡存在明显气流辐合,有利于台风流场与南北向山脉之间出现北风急流和轨迹汇聚带,从而产生狭管效应,造成台风移动路径南折;而台风过山后,不仅受到地形次生低压涡旋的吸引,其东侧同样出现以南风急流和轨迹汇聚为特征的狭管效应,有利于台风路径向北偏折。     

中国职务犯罪的时空分异、关联网络与防控对策

基于1985—2020年的321个副部级及以上犯案官员信息,综合运用数理统计与空间分析方法,分析职务犯罪者的社会人口学特征、犯罪行为的时空分异与关联网络,探讨犯罪发生的原因机制并提出防控对策。结果表明：1）职务犯罪者男性远多于女性,初犯者以中青年为主,落马时多为中老年,犯罪类型以贪污、受贿为主,主要涉及能源行业与国企、事业单位。2）在时间上,初次违纪违法年份集中于1988—2008年,呈现“高位波动,集中三峰”特征;“落马”人数呈现“四峰两组,先小后大”态势,2011年后呈陡崖式上升,与社会经济变化和反贪腐力度有关。3）在空间上,职务犯罪者籍贯地多分布在华北、华东、华中,且于山东、江苏、上海、天津、北京和河南、吉林、黑龙江部分地区出现热点;任职地集中分布在华北和华东华中的部分地区,在京津冀、山西出现热点与大量集聚,在河南、四川、重庆、广东存在部分集聚;任职地变化的犯罪者多为迁移至北京直至落马,也有36.57%的犯罪者落马时在其籍贯地工作;职务犯罪者犯罪行为的辐射效应呈现地缘关联和“熟亲信”纽带,形成具有个体生命轨迹特点的“移动犯罪网络”。4）职务犯罪的发生可用公共选择等理论进行解析,是...     

磷灰石裂变径迹退火影响因素研究进展

磷灰石裂变径迹退火是一个繁杂的化学动力学过程,清楚地了解其退火的影响因素对于该技术的应用十分重要.文章概述了磷灰石裂变径迹退火动力学模型的发展史,并结合以往对其退火影响因素的研究,将磷灰石裂变径迹退火影响因素分为自身和外部环境两方面:自身影响因素包括化学成分、晶体结构、径迹长度与半径、径迹与结晶轴的方位关系,其中化学成...