北京延庆千家店地区土城子组恐龙足迹点沉积环境

北京延庆千家店地区晚侏罗世土城子组化石稀少,而新发现的恐龙足迹是北京恐龙存活过的重要证据,研究其沉积环境对恢复当时恐龙动物群的生活环境具有十分重要的意义。研究区恐龙足迹主要包括兽脚类、蜥脚类和可能的鸟脚类足迹。运用地层学、岩石学、古生物学和沉积学方法,通过地层剖面、岩石薄片、足迹分布、沉积构造及详细的粒度分布特征,综合得出千家店地区土城子组三段恐龙足迹点的沉积环境,认为当时的沉积环境为含火山碎屑的浅湖沉积,恐龙足迹的赋存层位为湖滨环境。     

Apatite Fission Track Evidence of Uplift Cooling in the Qiangtang Basin and Constraints on the Tibetan Plateau Uplift

The Qiangtang basin is located in the central Tibetan Plateau. This basin has an important structural position,and further study of its tectonic and thermal histories has great significance for understanding the evolution of the Tibetan Plateau and the hydrocarbon potential of marine carbonates in the basin. This study focuses on low temperature thermochronology and in particular conducted apatite fission track analysis. Under constraints provided by the geological background,the thermal history in different tectonic units is characterized by the degree of annealing of samples,and the timing of major(uplift-erosion related) cooling episodes is inferred. The cooling history in the Qiangtang basin can be divided into two distinct episodes. The first stage is mainly from the late Early Cretaceous to the Late Cretaceous(69.8 Ma to 108.7 Ma),while the second is mainly from the MiddleLate Eocene to the late Miocene(10.3 Ma to 44.4 Ma). The first cooling episode records the uplift of strata in the central Qiangtang basin caused by continued convergent extrusion after the BangongNujiang ocean closed. The second episode can be further divided into three periods,which are respectively 10.3 Ma,22.6–26.1 Ma and 30.8–44.4 Ma. The late Oligocene-early Miocene(22.6–26.1 Ma) is the main cooling period. The distribution and times of the earlier uplift-related cooling show that the effect of extrusion after the collision between Eurasian plate and India plate obviously influenced the Qiangtang basin at 44.4 Ma. The Qiangtang basin underwent compression and started to be uplifted from the middle-late Eocene to the early Oligocene(45.0–30.8 Ma). Subsequently,a large-scale and intensive uplift process occurred during the late Oligocene to early Miocene(26.1–22.6 Ma) and the basin continued to undergo compression and uplift up to the late Miocene(10.3 Ma). Thus,uplift-erosion in the Qiangtang basin was intensive from 44.5 Ma to about 10 Ma. The timing of cooling in the second episode shows that the uplift of the Qiangtang basin was caused by the strong compression after the collision of the Indian plate and Eurasian plate. On the whole,the new apatite fission-track data from the Qiangtang basin show that the Tibetan Plateau started to extrude and uplift during 45–30.8 Ma. The main period of uplift and formation of the Tibetan Plateau took place about 22.6–26.1 Ma,and uplift and extrusion continued until the late Miocene(10.3 Ma).     

东喜马拉雅构造结更新世两期抬升-剥露事件的裂变径迹证据

对出露在东喜马拉雅构造结南迦巴瓦地区那木拉峰的片麻岩进行了系统垂向上的磷灰石裂变径迹取样分析,在3393～4537m取样高程内的10个样品获得的磷灰石裂变径迹分析结果显示:中值年龄在0.64～1.58Ma之间,平均封闭径迹长度在14.0～15.2μm之间,标准偏差在1.0～3.5μm之间。其中,径迹长度数据为这一地区的首次报道,可以为数据分析的可靠性提供重要保证。通过利用裂变径迹的"香蕉图"模式分析,在这批年龄结果中进一步区分出了代表混合年龄的样品组分和代表事件年龄的样品组分。事件年龄揭示这一地区在更新世有两期抬升-剥露事件的记录,时间分别为1.10±0.24Ma和0.65±0.08Ma。而磷灰石裂变径迹年龄在剖面线上的空间分布显示山体内部的高海拔地区年龄较新,向边缘低海拔地区逐渐变老的趋势。这种分布特征与早期多雄拉-那木拉褶皱构造变形无关,是东喜马拉雅构造结地区正处于快速抬升-剥露过程中的一种指示。据地温梯度30～40℃/km推算的1Ma以来的平均视剥露速率约为2.43～3.24mm/a。而结合前人的研究成果分析,这一地区快速地抬升-剥露过程可能自3Ma已发生。东喜马拉雅构造结1.10Ma和0.65Ma的抬升-剥露事件可以与青藏高原隆起过程中周缘地区的"昆黄运动"、气候转型和沙漠化等同期响应事件在年代学上建立联系。青藏高原的周缘隆起在更新世时期表现出的活动响应具有准同时的特征。     

一种约束盆地低温热历史的裂变径迹技术

裂变径迹(FT)技术是根据矿物中铀裂变产生的辐射损伤特性进行分析的低温热年代技术。随着对FT退火行为和实验退火模型研究的深入,使得这一技术成为约束沉积盆地低温热历史的重要手段。Laslett等、Crowley等和Ketcham等先后提出3个重要的磷灰石FT实验退火模型,其中以Ketcham等的退火模型研究最为深入,它分析了磷灰石类型、时间、温度和化学成分对其径迹退火的影响,使用c轴投射径迹长度和Dpar等参数,形成了描述磷灰石FT多元动力学退火的数学模型。锆石FT与U-Th/He技术、Ro值、地表温度和地层年龄等,均是约束磷灰石FT热历史重建的重要约束条件,HeFTy(2009)是进行低温热历史模拟的主要软件之一。     

藏北改则康托盆地逆冲推覆构造磷灰石裂变径迹年代学制约

对采自羌塘地块南部改则地区康托盆地的碎屑岩及火山岩进行磷灰石裂变径迹年代学测试及AFT热历史模拟,获得77±6Ma、62±5Ma、44±3Ma、35±2Ma四组磷灰石裂变径迹年龄,平均径迹长度介于11.6±2.0~13.3±1.9μm之间。AFT热历史模拟结果指示,研究区自晚白垩世至现今主要历经了3次构造抬升冷却过程:晚白垩世(100~65Ma)快速隆升剥蚀阶段,其降温速率和隆升速率分别为1.46~4.26℃/Ma、0.05~0.14mm/a,该事件为新特提斯洋洋壳沿雅鲁藏布江俯冲作用的响应;始新世中期(50~35Ma)快速隆升剥蚀阶段,该阶段降温幅度相对以第一次较小,该构造事件与印度大陆的向北俯冲具有成因联系;20Ma至现今的快速抬升冷却阶段为青藏高原整体拉张走滑构造环境所影响,其隆升速率和降温速率分别为3.25~6.0℃/Ma、0.03~0.2mm/a。     

羌塘盆地晚三叠世含煤岩系沉积体系与层序地层学特征

利用地层剖面岩相组合、沉积构造序列,结合粒度分布特征等分析了研究区晚三叠世沉积体系与沉积环境演化,建立了含煤岩系层序地层格架,讨论了含煤岩系层序地层学特征和煤层在层序格架下的位置、聚煤特征及空间分布规律。研究表明,晚三叠世含煤岩系沉积体系有浅海碎屑陆棚沉积体系、滨岸沉积体系及三角洲沉积体系,其中三角洲沉积体系的三角洲平原是区内最主要的成煤地带,煤层均位于SQ1层序的高位体系域内,分布于盆地中央隆起带内,向南、北两侧,由于水体加深而脱离沼泽沉积环境,不利于煤层的形成。中央隆起带是羌塘盆地今后重要的找煤方向。     

Denudation history of the Snowy Mountains: Constraints from apatite fission track thermochronology

Apatite fission track thermochronology from Early Palaeozoic granitoids centred around the Kosciuszko massif of the Snowy Mountains, records a denudation history that was episodic and highly variable. The form of the apatite fission track age profile assembled from vertical sections and hydroelectric tunnels traversing the mountains, together with numerical forward modelling, provide strong evidence for two episodes of accelerated denudation, commencing in Late Permian—Early Triassic (ca 270–250 Ma) and mid‐Cretaceous (ca 110–100 Ma) times, and a possible third episode in the Cenozoic. Denudation commencing in the Late Permian—Early Triassic was widespread in the eastern and central Snowy Mountains area, continued through much of the Triassic, and amounted to at least ～2.0–2.4 km. This episode was probably the geomorphic response to the Hunter‐Bowen Orogeny. Post‐Triassic denudation to the present in these areas amounted to ～2.0–2.2 km. Unambiguous evidence for mid‐Cretaceous cooling and possible later cooling is confined to a north‐south‐trending sinuous belt, up to ～15 km wide by at least 35 km long, of major reactivated Palaeozoic faults on the western side of the mountains. This zone is the most deeply exposed area of the Kosciuszko block. Denudation accompanying these later events totalled up to ～1.8–2.0 km and ～2.0–2.25 km respectively. Mid‐Cretaceous denudation marks the onset of renewed tectonic activity in the southeastern highlands following a period of relative quiescence since the Late Triassic, and establishes a temporal link with the onset of extension related to the opening of the Tasman Sea. Much of the present day relief of the mountains resulted from surface uplift which disrupted the post‐mid‐Cretaceous apatite fission track profile by variable offsets on faults.     

碎屑颗粒裂变径迹热年代学在沉积物源区剥露历史分析中的应用

沉积盆地中未遭受热重置的碎屑颗粒裂变径迹(FT)热年代学正成为山前冲断带蚀源区抬升-剥露过程及其与相邻盆地沉积作用关系研究的重要方法.对于未热重置碎屑岩样品的磷灰石(或锆石)单矿物颗粒裂变径迹年龄(FTGA)数据,采用高斯或二项式拟合方法可以获得样品中不同组分碎屑颗粒矿物的FT峰值年龄或称蚀源区抬升一剥露事件的FT封闭(冷却)年龄.已有的统计分析结果表明,抬升冷却矿物的FT封闭年龄(tc)与其剥露搬运至相邻盆地的沉积年龄(td)之间具有较好的线性关系(tc=A+Btd),二者的滞后时间(△t=tc-td≈tc-te,te为抬升冷却的碎屑颗粒矿物剥露到近地表的剥露年龄)构筑了蚀源区抬升冷却矿物FT封闭深度(Zc)与抬升剥露速率(E)之间的定量关系(E=Zc/△t)和不同碎屑颗粒的滞后时间与其沉积年龄之间相关变化的统计预测模型△t=A+(B-1)td.显然,滞后时间越短,造山带蚀源区的抬升剥露速率越大、物源供应越充分,山前带沉积一沉降作用趋于增强,反之亦然.     

浙西北湖安地区花岗岩剥露程度及其对萤石矿找矿的启示——来自于磷灰石裂变径迹的证据

浙西北湖(州)—安(吉)地区近年来新发现一系列的大中型萤石矿,显示出该地区良好的萤石矿成矿潜力.随着勘查工作的持续推进,地表找矿难度的增加,对浙西北萤石矿深部找矿潜力的研究逐渐被大家所重视.本文选择浙西北湖安地区典型萤石矿区出露的花岗岩体,通过磷灰石裂变径迹技术,获得花岗岩体的裂变径迹年龄,分析花岗岩经历的热演化历史,...     

四川盆地西北部新生代构造变形模式讨论——对认识青藏高原东北缘新生代变形机制的意义

综合造山带内的构造热年代学及盆地内部进行的磷灰石裂变径迹研究,提出了四川盆地西北部的三个背斜（潼梓关背斜、九龙山背斜和南阳坝背斜）主要是新生代构造变形的产物。野外观察发现汉中盆地是一个第四纪的拉分盆地,其主控断层具左行走滑性质。新生代青藏高原东缘大型地块向东挤出,遭遇强硬的四川克拉通阻挡之后,沿着龙门山形成了一个右行的走滑挤压带,并且影响到邻近的四川盆地,形成北东向背斜。这期构造变形往北延伸进入米仓山,形成具有逆冲性质的北东向断层。四川盆地北面也存在向东的挤出作用,这和汉中盆地主控断层的左行走滑性质是匹配的。四川盆地北面的地块挤出影响了米仓山前缘的四川盆地,由于龙门山和米仓山构造变形的叠加,使得最东面的南阳坝背斜相对于其它两个背斜在褶皱轴上发生了偏转。