2005—2020年新疆雷电灾害特征分析

利用2005—2020年新疆雷电灾害统计数据及2013—2020年新疆闪电定位监测数据,从雷电灾害发生的行业分布、人员伤亡、经济损失等角度,对新疆2005—2020年雷电灾害特征进行了分析。结果表明：（1） 2005—2020年新疆共发生雷电灾害事件154次,导致82人伤亡,近16 a雷电灾害事件呈逐年递减趋势,其中月分布高发期在4—8月,这与新疆的雷电月活动规律一致。（2） 雷电灾害空间分布特征和地域有很大的相关性,雷电灾害主要集中在北疆阿勒泰地区、塔城东南部地区以及伊犁哈萨克自治州直属县市一线,而南疆的雷电灾害数量基本上很少。（3） 雷电灾害事件主要发生在农村,占雷电灾害事件总数的62.3%。雷电灾害事件造成的行业受损比例由多到少依次是民用电子设备、工厂设备、电力设备和建筑物。本研究结果可为新疆防雷减灾工作提供重要的理论依据。     

柴达木盆地地质遗迹资源评价

柴达木盆地出露有大量的地质遗迹,对其进行科学、系统的分类和评价,可为其开发与保护提供科学依据。基于系统的野外调查,采用定性描述与定量评价相结合的方法,从资源价值和开发条件两个方面选取自然完整性、科学价值、美学价值、可保护性和基础服务设施等作为主要评价指标,建立多层层次结构模型,运用层次分析法对其进行综合评价。结果表明：（1）盆地地质遗迹类型多样,大部分较为脆弱和珍贵,目前保护措施并不完善;（2）水景类资源综合得分88.96,山石景类86.48,古生物遗迹或可疑古生物遗迹类78.22,古人类74.25,古植物73.51,冰川类68.15。根据定量分析的结果对区域内地质遗迹进行分级,提出对地质遗迹资源进行分级保护的建议。本研究对柴达木盆地地质遗迹资源的保护、科学知识的普及以及促进区域地学旅游事业的发展和地质公园建设等均具有一定的指导意义。     

China’s food security situation and key questions in the new era: A perspective of farmland protection

As the world’s largest developing country, the ability of China’s agricultural resource utilization to effectively support the current and future food security goals has been affected by a variety of factors (e.g., transformed supply channels, tightening international situation and frequent emergencies) in recent years and has attracted extensive attention from the academic community subject to multiple factors. This study uses literature review, statistical analysis, and spatial analysis methods to systematically explore China’s food security situation in the context of farmland resource constraints. It is found that the demand-side pressures such as demographic changes, social class differentiation, and dietary structure adjustments derived from economic growth and rapid urbanization have placed extremely high expectations on food supply. However, the quantitative restrictions, utilization ways, and health risks of farmland resources on the supply side constitute a huge hidden concern that affects the stability of food production. Although China’s farmland protection system is undergoing a transition from focusing on quantity management to sustainable use, the matching and coordinating demand pressure and supply capacity for food security is unbalanced. Therefore, facing uncertain future development scenarios, policymakers should focus on building a resilient space for China’s farmland protection to withstand the interference of major emergencies. The existing farmland protection space policy can be integrated by establishing a national farmland strategic reserve system (based on resilient space), and further development of targeted use control measures for zoning, grading, and classification will help realize sustainable China’s farmland resources use.     

雷电信息处理及产品制作与发布系统

雷电信息资料在科研和实际应用中具有非常重要的作用,如雷电灾害的区域划分、雷电灾害评估和雷电的预警预报等.各地方对相关的雷电信息资料使用还处于起步阶段,从使用情况看离实际业务需要还有明显的距离.为了充分利用大量雷电业务相关数据为防雷科技服务,使用Delphi 7.0作为开发工具,Firebird作为后台数据库,研制了基于TatukGIS和Google map的雷电信息处理及产品制作与发布系统.该系统采用图表、密度图、GIS专题图等多种方式,实现了闪电定位数据的实时显示、历史数据查询以及闪电密度[图绘制;根据人工观测雷暴日资料更新雷暴日数据库,可分析雷暴时空分布特征、气候倾向率等;实时接收大气电场仪数据,并可实现图形显示和详细数据列表查看;实现雷灾数据实时上报并同时入库,可对雷灾数据按行业、损失等进行专题图制作,并叠加于GIS地图之上;地图显示各防雷检测单位,可查看详细信息和检测报告;同时实现了基于雷电信息统计分析结果的雷电业务产品的制作与发布,为防雷业务和科研工作提供可靠的技术支撑.     

CINRAD/SA充电开关控制板工作原理及应用维护

新一代多普勒天气雷达SA/SB发射机采用回扫充电技术,使用充电开关组件3A10与充电变压器3A7T2,给线型调制器的脉冲形成网络充电.这种电路有许多优点,但其电子线路组成复杂,技术指标要求高,设备运行时故障率相对较多,台站运行维护保障有一定难度.讨论了该分机的工作原理,重点对充电开关组件的控制板3A10A1原理及其电子线路组成作了进一步分析,并提供了相应的原理框图,根据台站工作的实际经验,结合相关报警信息,探讨了基本维修思路,总结了一些快速有效的检修方法.     

雷电灾害风险评估中Pc因子选择方法

Pc因子是指雷电灾害风险评估中雷击建(构)筑物导致电气电子系统失效的概率参数值,该因子的选取方法直接影响评估结果的准确度.通过对Pc因子的分析,从概念出发,探讨定量计算该因子参数值的方法,得出结论:选取Pc因子的参数值既要依据国家标准判断分析电涌保护器(SPD)的设计合理性及SPD的保护局限性,又需要通过当地闪电定位历史资料的统计分析来确定雷电流峰值的分布概率;Pc值的选取应在确保评估对象SPD设计科学、有效的基础上,通过分析评估位置雷电流峰值概率,判断SPD的保护概率,以定量确定Pc因子的参数值.     

Projected Changes in NO_x Emissions from Lightning as a Result of 2000–2050 Climate Change

Lightning is one of the most important natural sources of atmospheric NOx.The authors investigate the2000–2050 changes in NOx emissions from lightning using the global three-dimensional Goddard Earth Observing System chemical transport model(GEOS-Chem)driven by meteorological fields from the Goddard Institute for Space Studies(GISS)general circulation model(GCM)3.Projected changes in climate over 2000–2050are based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)A1B scenario.The global NOx emission from lightning is simulated to be 4.8 Tg N in present day and to increase by about 16.7%over 2000–2050 as a result of the future climate change.The largest present-day emissions and climate-induced changes are found in the upper troposphere in the tropics.Regionally in eastern China(20–55 N,98–125 E),NOx emissions from lighting is simulated to be 0.3 Tg N(6.3%of the global total emission)in present day and to increase by 26.7%over2000–2050.The simulated changes in NOx from lightening correspond well with the projected future changes in convective precipitation.     

雷电临近预警系统在四川省的推广应用

为了提高四川省防雷减灾工作效率,推动雷电服务数字化、网络化、集约化、规范化、标准化,实现快速、准确、高效的雷电短时临近预警,四川省防雷中心协助中国气象科学研究院,共同研制开发了“四川省雷电短时临近预警系统”.目前四川省防雷中心已经结合本地的实际情况开展雷电临近预警业务试运行.同时在成都、凉山、眉山、绵阳、乐山等市州气象台进行区域化雷电监测预警预报推广应用,初步实现雷电监测预警预报业务和服务,并在2010 ～2011年几个重大天气过程中成功进行了雷电预警预报,同时对当地气象台站进行强天气过程预测预报提供了辅助手段,得到了有关职能部门及当地各级政府的充分肯定.     

电源系统SPD组合类型及级间能量配合分析

利用几组实验数据分析SPD之间的能量配合不仅直接影响SPD的防护效用,而且对SPD的使用寿命也有着决定性作用,这也是为什么在GB50057-2010中对SPD安装的位置、级数有着具体要求的原因。     

An assessment of the performance of scenarios against historical global emissions for IPCC reports

Long-term emissions scenarios have served as the primary basis for assessing future climate change and response strategies. Therefore, it is important to regularly reassess the relevance of emissions scenarios in light of changing global circumstances and compare them with long-term developments to determine if they are still plausible, considering the newest insights. Four scenario series, SA90, IS92, SRES, and RCP/SSP, were central in the scenario-based literature informing the five Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the sixth assessment cycle. Here we analyze the historical trends of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion and industry and emissions drivers between 1960 and 2017. We then compare the emission scenario series with historical trends for the period 1990–2017/2018. The results show that historical trends are quite consistent with medium scenarios in each series. As a result, they can be regarded as valid inputs for past and future analyses of climate change and impacts. Global CO2 emissions 1960–2018 (and 1990–2018) comprised six (and three) overall subperiods of emissions growth significantly higher and lower than average. Historically, CO2 emissions (in absolute numbers and growth rate) are tightly coupled with primary energy and indirectly with GDP. Global emissions generally followed a medium-high pathway, captured by “middle-of-the-road” scenario narratives in the earlier series, and by combinations of “global-sustainability” and “middle-of-the-road” narratives in the most recent series (SRES and SSP-baselines). Historical non-OECD trends were best captured by “rapid-growth” and “regional-competition” scenarios, while OECD trends were close to regional-sustainability and global-sustainability scenarios. Areas where the emissions scenarios captured the historical trends less well, are renewable and nuclear primary energy supply. The fact that the actual historical development is consistent with rapid-growth narratives in the non-OECD regions might have important implications for future greenhouse gas emissions and associated climatic change.