Carbon uptake and change in net primary productivity of oasis-desert ecosystem in arid western China with remote sensing technique

Arid and semi-arid ecosystems exhibit a spatially complex biogeophysical structure. According to arid western special climate-vegetation characters, the fractional cover of photosynthetic vegetation (PV), non-photosynthetic vegetation (NPV), bare soil and water are unmixed, using the remote sensing spectral mixture analysis. We try the method to unmix the canopy funation structure of arid land cover in order to avoid the differentiation of regional vegetation system and the disturbance of environmental background. We developed a modified production efficiency model NPP-PEM appropriate for the arid area at regional scale based on the concept of radiation use efficiency. This model refer to the GLO-PEM and CASA model was driven with remotely sensed observations, and calculates not just the conversion efficiency of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation but also the carbon fluxes that determine net primary productivity (NPP). We apply and validate the model in the Kaxger and Yarkant river basins in arid western China. The NPP of the study area in 1992 and 1998 was estimated based on the NPP-PEM model. The results show that the improved PEM model, considering the photosynthetical activation of heterogeneous functional vegetation, is in good agreement with field measurements and the existing literature. An accurate agreement (R2 = 0.85, P<0.001) between the estimates and the ground-based measurement was obtained. The spatial distribution of mountain-oasis-desert ecosystem shows an obvious heterogeneous carbon uptake. The results are applicable to arid ecosystem studies ranging from characterizing carbon cycle, carbon flux over arid areas to monitoring change in mountain-oasis-desert productivity, stress and management.     

Satellite-derived primary productivity and its spatial and temporal variability in the China seas

The spatial and temporal variability of primary productivity in the China seas from 2003 to 2005 was estimated using a size-fractionated primary productivity model. Primary productivity estimated from satellite-derived data showed spatial and temporal variability. Annual averaged primary productivity levels were 564.39, 363.08, 536.47, 413.88, 195.77, and 100.09 gCm-2a-1 in the Bohai Sea, northern Yellow Sea (YS), southern YS, northern East China Sea (ECS), southern ECS, and South China Sea (SCS), respectively. Peaks of primary productivity appeared in spring (April–June) and fall (October and November) in the northern YS, southern YS, and southern ECS, while a single peak (June) appeared in the Bohai Sea and northern ECS. The SCS had two peaks in primary productivity, but these peaks occurred in winter (January) and summer (August), with the winter peak far higher than the summer peak. Monthly averaged primary productivity values from 2003 to 2005 in the Bohai Sea and southern YS were higher than those in the other four seas during most months, while those in the southern ECS and SCS were the lowest. Primary productivity in spring (March–June in the southern ECS and April–July in the other five areas) contributed approximately 41% on average to the annual primary productivity in all the study seas except the SCS. The largest interannual variability also occurred in spring (average standard deviation = 6.68), according to the satellite-derived estimates. The contribution during fall (October–January in the southern ECS and August–November in the other five areas) was approximately 33% on average; the primary productivity during this period also showed interannual variability. However, in the SCS, the winter (December–March) contribution was the highest (about 42%), while the spring (April–July) contribution was the lowest (28%). The SCS did share a feature with the other five areas: the larger the contribution, the larger the interannual variability. Spatial and temporal variability of satellite-derived ocean primary productivity may be influenced by physicochemical environmental conditions, such as the chlorophyll-a concentration, sea surface temperature, photosynthetically available radiation, the seasonally reversed monsoon, river discharge, upwelling, and the Kuroshio and coastal currents.     

Coupled effect of climate change and human activities on the restoration/degradation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau grassland

Climate change(CC)and human activities(HA)are the main reasons for the res-toration/degradation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP)grassland.Many related studies have been conducted thus far,but the impact mechanism of CC coupled with HA on QTP remains unclear.We summarized the two main coupling factors in recent years(specifically,in the past five years)and obtained the following conclusions.(1)CC and HA have positive and negative effects on the QTP grassland ecosystem.CC primarily affects grassland ecol-ogy through temperature,humidification,and extreme climate,and HA mainly affects eco-systems through primary,secondary,and tertiary industries and restoration measures.(2)CC coupled with HA affects soil,plants,animals,and fungi/microbes.CC makes the snow line rise by increasing the temperature,which expands the zone for HA.CC also restricts HA through hydrological changes,extreme climate,and outbreak of pikas and pests.Simulta-neously,measures are implemented through HA to control and adapt to CC.Hence,the grassland ecosystem is comprehensively influenced by CC and HA.(3)The grassland eco-system dynamically adapts to the disturbance caused by CC and HA by changing its physi-ological characteristics,distribution range,diet structure,community structure,and physical state.Simultaneously,it responds to environmental changes through desertification,poi-sonous weeds,rodent outbreak,release of harmful gases,and other means.This work can be used as a reference for the sustainable development of the QTP grassland.     

气候变化与城市全要素生产率：理论与实证

利用1994—2014年中国城市数据探讨气候变化对城市全要素生产率（TFP）的影响。研究发现：气候变化（气温变化和降水量变化）对城市TFP均有负面影响,其中降水量的影响更显著,但对中国东部地区城市的TFP影响不明显;经济发展水平越高的城市,其TFP受气候变化的影响越小,而经济发展水平越低,这种影响就越显著;城市产业结构越趋合理,天气与气候的影响越低,反之则影响越大。其中降水量的变化对三大产业都有影响,对第一产业影响最显著。     

2000-2016年赤水河流域植被生态质量变化分析

为研究中国西部赤水河流域植被生态质量变化特征,本文基于MODIS归一化植被指数（NDVI）和气象监测资料,获取了中国西部赤水河流域2000-2016年植被覆盖度、净初级生产力（NPP）以及植被生态质量指数变化数据,并对17年期间植被生态质量时空变化进行分析。结果表明:（1）植被覆盖度均值从2000年的55.4%提高到了2016年的67.4%,覆盖度呈平均每10年增加6.8%的变化趋势;（2）植被NPP均值从2000年的864 gC/m2提高到了2016年的1024 gC/m2,NPP呈平均每10年增加63 gC/m2的变化趋势;（3）近年来植被生态质量显著提高,2016年植被生态质量为2000年以来最好,植被生态质量指数高达83.7。     

Deforestation-induced costs on the drinking water supplies of the Mumbai metropolitan,India

The success of incorporating natural capital into resource- and land-use decisions hinges on the ability to quantify the ecosystem services, forecast the returns to the investments, convert these values into effective policy and finance mechanisms, and the presence of well-functioning institutions and infrastructure. However, ecosystem production functions i.e., the relationship between regulatory functions of the ecosystem and the economic activity it protects or supports are often poorly understood. Even with respect to Forest Watershed Services – a service that is widely recognized and even institutionalized through market based mechanisms in some parts of the world – the biophysical relationships between forests and services such as stream flow stabilization, water quality and water quantity are undefined, particularly for the tropics. For this reason, this study through time series data and multivariate analysis characterizes the relationships between Forest Cover (all lands with tree cover of a canopy density of 10% and above when projected vertically on the horizontal ground with minimum areal extent of 1 ha), water quality and cost of water treatment in the Western Ghats of peninsular India. In particular, the recursive relationship between the economic and environmental components is estimated by tracing the effects through the two-stage model. Annual value of impacts (increased ‘treatment cost’, increased ‘water losses due to backwash and desludging’, and changes in ‘water yield’) induced by loss of Forest Cover is estimated as 64.96 Indian rupee/m³ treated water/ha/year ($1.32/m³ treated water/ha/year). At an annual rate of change in the forest cover by −0.0088% (average annual rate of change in the forest cover between the years 1994–2007) the deforestation induced costs translate to 3.73 million Indian rupee/year ($0.075 million/year) according to the 2010–2011 prices for the Panjrapur treatment plant of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai. Thus, if deforestation is avoided the Municipal Corporation can save significant amount towards recurring costs of water treatment and to some extent mitigate the costs for the development of a new source.     

珠江口盆地Site4B柱状沉积物中脂肪醇分子化合物分布及其来源分析

本研究采用色谱质谱(GC-MS)和色谱-同位素质谱(GC-IRMS)方法,对珠江口盆地Site4B沉积物中脂肪醇分子化合物分布以及单体碳同位素组成进行了研究。结果表明:长链脂肪醇碳优势指数(CPIC26—34:9.41—24.56)、平均碳链长度(ACLC26—34:28.85—29.99)以及n C26—n C30脂肪醇平均碳同位素组成(?29.13‰±0.87‰、?32.98‰±1.28‰和?32.73‰±1.61‰)均揭示了n C26—n C34脂肪醇属于陆源高等植物来源,n C16—n C20和n C24脂肪醇较正的碳同位素组成反映了化合物的海洋细菌来源,而n C22脂肪醇偏负的碳同位素特征(平均?33.26‰±1.51‰)反映了化学自养细菌来源。Site4B沉积物中的陆源输入主要来自南海周边河流,从12.7ka BP至今的沉积时期(0—80cm,文中深度均为埋深)和末次冰盛期(102—120cm),其陆源输入主要来自台湾岛河流,而在19.3—12.7ka BP沉积时期(80—102cm)和更新世沉积时期(120—300cm),台湾岛、吕宋岛和珠江口河流的陆源贡献普遍较低。Site4B沉积物中的海洋生产力主要来自海洋微生物输入的贡献,并主要受到海水温差影响;其中在35—150cm层位,海洋输入和南海暖流的强弱带来的海水温度的高低有关,而在150—300cm层位,则主要和冰期-间冰期的冷暖气候带来的海水温差有关。     

草鱼不同混养系统中细菌生产力的初步研究

利用陆基实验围隔,采用原位培养法,对比研究5种草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)混养系统中细菌生产力的状况。结果表明,细菌生产力波动在(85.22±9.68)~(899.24±29.67)μg C·L-1·d-1,平均为(442.33±210.51)μg C·L-1·d-1。总体上,各处理组细菌生产力随时间呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在8月份达到最高值。其中,草鱼、鲢鱼和鲤鱼的三元混养模式中的细菌生产力显著高于其它处理组(P0.05)。细菌生产力总体上与水体初级生产力、溶解有机碳(DOC)和颗粒有机碳(POC)含量及水温均呈显著正相关,与水体磷酸盐含量呈显著负相关。通过主成分分析(PCA)发现,养殖前期水体无机氮(DIN)、DOC和POC含量对细菌生产力的贡献率高达44.058%,养殖中期DOC和POC含量对细菌生产力贡献率降为32.693%,而养殖后期DIN、DOC和POC含量对细菌生产力的贡献率为45.921%。研究表明,在养殖前期,DIN、DOC、POC是细菌生产力的关键因素;DOC、POC的重要作用使得养殖中期细菌生产力处在较高水平,但PO4-P含量成为限制因素;低温限制了浮游植物的初级生产力,使得养殖后期较高的营养元素含量只能维持细菌较低的生产力。     

Creative industries agglomeration,regional innovation and productivity growth in China

This paper falls into the broad area of economic geography and economics of creativity,and it presents an alternative approach to explain why total factor productivity(TFP)growth is different across China′s regions.It establishes an empirical model to estimate the spatial agglomeration effects of creative industries on regional TFP growth,using China′s provincial panel data during the period of 2003 to 2010.We found that the creative industries agglomeration(CIA)has significant and positive impact on regional TFP growth.The result also implies that the CIA can facilitate regional TFP growth through promoting regional innovation instead of improving regional efficiency.Therefore,we argue that policy makers should take some measures to retain and establish more creative zones.     

河南农田生产力时空变化的遥感分析

文章基于MODIS下MOD17 A3、MCD12Q1产品,结合气温、降水数据,利用距平分析、趋势线分析以及相关分析等方法,对河南省2001年至2010年农田生产力的时空变化格局及影响因素进行了研究.结果表明:河南省农田生产力整体呈现东南高、西北低的态势;研究期内农田生产力呈现减少趋势的面积比例为4.98％,集中分布在信阳市的潢川县、固始县;河南省大部分农田的NPP与气温成正相关,成负相关的农田集中分布在西北边缘一带;农田NPP与降水成正相关的区域分布偏北,成负相关区域分布偏南,南阳盆地一带较为集中.