中国季风区植被净初级生产力对东亚夏季风的响应机理研究

东亚夏季风可显著影响中国季风区气候变化,但是季风区植被净初级生产力(NPP)对夏季风气候变化的响应机理尚不明确。利用大气—植被相互作用模型(AVIM2)模拟了中国季风区植被NPP,分析了其与夏季风指数的相关关系,探讨了其对夏季风变化的响应机理。研究发现,我国南、北方植被对夏季风强度变化的响应方式和机理并不相同。强夏季风年北方植被NPP增加,而南方植被NPP减少。东亚夏季风对中国华北平原植被生长季NPP的作用主要是通过影响该地降水量实现的;京、津、冀地区植被NPP受东亚夏季风带来的气温和降水量变化的叠加影响,因而成为北方对夏季风变化最敏感的区域。东亚夏季风对我国南方江苏、安徽、湖南、湖北、江西植被NPP的作用是通过影响太阳辐射实现的,强夏季风导致太阳辐射减弱,从而使各省植被NPP减少。南方沿海的浙江和福建,强季风年带来的弱太阳辐射和低温是该地植被NPP减少的原因。广东、台湾植被NPP则主要受强夏季风带来的低温影响。     

玛曲草原气候资源利用与牧草生产力的研究

用3阶多项式生长曲线数学模型拟合牧草产量各状况年的牧草生产力,与实际值吻合较好.模拟结果表明,最大生长率70.2 kg/hm2·d,最小生长率1.6 kg/hm2·d;月最大产量2 042.5 kg/hm2,月最小产量57.6 kg/hm2.生长季5～9月,旬≥0 ℃的累积积温每增加1 ℃,最高状况年比最低状况年每旬增加干物重2.54 kg/hm2;旬累积降水量每增加1 mm,最高状况年比最低状况年每旬增加干物重7.33 kg/hm2;旬累积日照时数每增加1 h,最高状况年比最低状况年每旬增加干物重3.83 kg/hm2.考虑到倾向率变化的不同,旬累积降水量引起的产量变化是主要原因,旬累积积温次之,旬累积日照时数影响弱.高产年气候资源利用率高,低产年气候资源利用率低.     

Effects of physical phenomena on the distribution of nutrients and phytoplankton productivity in a coastal lagoon

Sea level, salinity, temperature, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silicate, chlorophylls a, b and c and their phaeophytins, phytoplankton abundance and phytoplankton productivity time series were generated for the mouth and three interior locations of Bahia San Quintin, Baja California, Mexico, for 10 days during summer of 1979. The samples were taken once every 2 h. This was done to describe space and time variability of these ecological properties and to elucidate the main factors that cause this variability. Upwelling events bring nutrient reach waters near the bay mouth and tidal currents propagate those waters throughout the bay. Nutrient remineralization at the sediments and the effect of turbulence induced by tidal currents and winds increase nutrient concentrations in the interiors of the bay. In comparison with available information on nutrients limited growth of planktonic algae, nutrients seemed not to be limiting to phytoplankton growth during the sampling period. Phytoplankton cell abundances at the extremes of the lagoon are an order of magnitude lower than at the mouth due to greater turbidity. Chlorophyll concentrations at the extremes are about one-third of those of the mouth. Primary productivity decreases from the mouth to the interiors in the same manner as chlorophyll does. There is not a significant difference in cell size between phytoplankton at the bay mouth and those at the extremes of the bay. Primary productivity in the bay is comparable to the productivity maxima of other upwelling areas. There is no clear permanent dominance of diatoms over dinoflagellates, or vice versa, at any location in the bay. The alternation of upwelling and non-upwelling played an important role, together with that of the spring-neap tide cycle, in producing low frequency (< 0.01 cycles h^?1) temporal variability of ecological properties throughout the bay.     

Balance Between Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Components and Processes in Microbenthic Communities of Sandy Sediments: A Field Study

The microscopic community of a microtidal sandy sediment on the Swedish west coast was studiedin situat two depths (0·5 and 4 m) on four occasions (January, April, August and October). Biomass of microalgae, bacteria, ciliates and meiofauna, as well as primary and bacterial productivity, were quantified. Meiofaunal grazing on algae and bacteria was measured simultaneously by radiolabelling intact sediment cores. Autotrophic biomass dominated the microbial community at both depths and on all sampling occasions, accounting for 47–87% of the microbial biomass. Meiofauna contributed 10–47%, while bacteria and ciliates together made up less than 6%. The microflora was dominated by attached (epipsammic) diatoms, but occasional ‘ blooms ’ of motile species occurred. Vital cells of planktonic diatoms contributed to benthic algal biomass in spring. Primary productivity exceeded bacterial productivity in April and August at both depths, while the balance was reversed in October and January. Meiofauna grazed between 2 and 12% of the algal biomass per day, and between 0·3 and 37% of the bacterial biomass. Almost an order of magnitude more algal (17–138 mg C m⁻²) than bacterial (0·1–33 mg C m⁻²) carbon was grazed daily. At the shallow site, primary productivity always exceeded grazing rates on algae, whereas at the deeper site, grazing exceeded primary productivity in October and January. Bacterial productivity exceeded grazing at both depths on all four occasions. Thus, meiofaunal grazing seasonally controlled microalgal, but not bacterial, biomass. These results suggest that, during summer, only a minor fraction (<10%) of the daily microbenthic primary production appears to enter the ‘ small food web ’ through meiofauna. During spring and autumn, however, a much larger fraction (≈30–60%) of primary production may pass through meiofauna. During winter, meiofaunal grazing is a less important link in the shallow zone, but at sublittoral depths, algal productivity may be limiting, and meiofauna depend on other food sources, such as bacteria and detritus.     

朝阳沟油田扶余油层单井产能控制因素分析

以朝阳沟油田生产试验区为例，论述７朝阳沟油田扶余油层单井产能的控制因素：油藏地质条件和油气层损害。油藏地质条件从根本上决定了单井产能的大小，油层损害不同程度地降低了油井的产能     

知识经济与生产力布局探析

生产力布局受多种因素影响，不同经济时代生产力布局具有不同的特点，本文在简述历史时期生产力布局特点的基础上，重点分析了知识经济时代的经济特点，支柱产业及其产业布局趋势。     

陕甘三县坡改梯工程提高土地产出率和劳动生产率的剖析

通过陕甘三县不同坡度坡地和梯地典型地块的作物单产、各项农事活动用工情况的调查统计 ,对“长治”坡改梯工程提高土地产出率和劳动生产率的效益进行了剖析。坡地改造为梯地 ,土地产出率平均提高 30 .9%。梯地用肥多 ,产量高 ,运量大 ,坡改梯工程不修建田间道路 ,仍采用人工背运输 ,劳动生产率提高有限 ,仅 5 .6 %。修建田间道路 ,采用车辆运输 ,可大幅度提高梯地劳动生产率和坡地人背运输相比 ,梯地架子车和四轮拖拉机运输 ,劳动生产率分别提高 4 5 .2 0 %和 88.5 %。坡地改造为梯地 ,应用地膜覆盖等先进农业技术 ,可大幅度提高土地产出率和劳动生产率 ,和 2 0°坡地相比 ,分别提高 189.4 %和 73.6 %。     

The progressive intensification of northern hemisphere glaciation as seen from the North Pacific

Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) site 882 (50°22′N, 167°36′E) provides the first high-resolution GRAPE density, magnetic susceptibility, carbonate, opal and foraminifera (planktonic and benthic) stable isotopes records between 3.2 and 2.4 Ma in the Northwest Pacific. We observed a dramatic increase in ice rafting debris at site 882 at 2.75 Ma, which is coeval with that found in the Norwegian Sea, suggesting that the Eurasian Arctic and Northeast Asia were significantly glaciated from 2.75 Ma onwards. Prior to 2.75 Ma planktonic foraminifera δ¹⁸O records indicate a warming or freshening trend of 4°C or 2‰ over 80 ka. If this is interpreted as a warm pre-glacial Pliocene North Pacific, it may have provided the additional moisture required to initially build up the northern hemisphere continental ice sheet. The dramatic drop in sea surface temperatures (SST>7.5°C) at 2.75 Ma ended this suggested period of enhanced SST and thus the proposed moisture pump. Moreover, at 2.79 and 2.73 Ma opal mass accumulation rates (MAR) decrease in two steps by five fold and is accompanied by a more gradual long-term decrease in CaCO₃ MARs. Evidence from the Southern Ocean (ODP site 704) indicates that just prior to 2.6 Ma there is a massive increase in opal MARs, the opposite to what is found in the North Pacific. This indicates that the intensification of northern hemisphere glaciation was accompanied by a major reorganisation of global oceanic chemical budget, possibly caused by changes in deep ocean circulation. The initiation of northern hemisphere glaciation occurred in the late Miocene with a significant build up of ice on southern Greenland. However, the progressive intensification did not occur until 3.5–3 Ma when the Greenland ice sheet expanded to include northern Greenland. Following this stage we suggest that the Eurasian Arctic and Northeast Asia glaciated at 2.75 Ma, approximately 100 ka before the glaciation of Alaska (2.65 Ma) and 200 ka before the glaciation of the North East American continent (2.54 Ma).     

关于大型超大型矿床的找矿和评价问题

对大型超大型矿床的找矿与评价，从不同的角度，不少矿床学家已提供很多有益的探讨和意见。本文认为大型超大型矿床的一般成矿条件，与中小型矿床的成矿条件是基本类似的；而在基本类似的成矿条件下能否形成大型或超大型矿床，其特殊条件是成矿区必需有过量的矿源供给。     

Prediction of fish yield and potential productivity from limnological data in Lake Borollus, Egypt

Four limnological models (lake shoreline development (D_L), Morphoedaphic Index (MEI), primary production and total nutrient input) have been applied to Lake Borollus to estimate existing fish yield and future potential productivity. The estimated existing fish yield from the lake is about 1260 kg/ha (i.e. 53,000 tons/annum), which is at or near its existing potential and is considered in the ultra enriched category. From 1931 to 1935, the estimated fish production of Lake Borollus was about 68 kg/ha, which is considered low enriched category, while from1960 to 1970, the lake belonged to the moderately enriched category, where the estimated fish production was about 155 kg/ha, and then tremendously increased to about 580 kg/ha during the 1980's.Thisincrease in fish yield is mainly attributed to the nutrient loading of the southern and eastern drains to the lake. In the long term, and based on existing nutrient input to fish yield relationships, it is estimated that increased nutrient loading from drainage water may elevate its yield by 24, 580 tons by the year 2005 (i.e. total fish yield could be increased to 77,500 tons/annum). This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.