固城湖生物资源利用和富营养化控制的研究

于１９８９－１９９２年通过野外调查、室内试验，池塘模拟和数学模型等方法。研究江苏省固城湖的理化，初级生产生物生长及其有关因子，水草、藻和鱼，蟹间的相互关系，以及水草渔业利用对水质的影响等。     

Influence of Coupled Rossby Waves on Primary Productivity and Tuna Abundance in the Indian Ocean

Interannual coupled Rossby waves in the extratropical Indian Ocean propagate westward in covarying pycnocline depth, sea surface temperature, and meridional surface wind anomalies from the west coast of Australia between 15°S and 35°S, taking 3–4 years to transit the interior ocean to Madagascar. In the interior subtropical gyre, where the tuna longline catch (TLC) mainly concerns two species (albacore and bigeye), these waves have been observed to affect year-to-year changes in catch, with wave crests (troughs) in the main pycnocline associated with high (low) TLC anomalies. This suggested that tuna longline catch is associated with the entrainment of nutrient-rich pycnocline water into the photic zone and a subsequent increase in primary productivity there. Here, this hypothesis is examined within the context of SeaWiFS chlorophyll concentration (CC). We find the situation the opposite of that expected, with wave crests (troughs) in the main pycnocline associated with low (high) CC anomalies averaged over the photic zone. These results are shown to be consistent with a model relating the anomalous CC tendency to upper-layer divergence in the wave, not unlike that relating surface slicks to upper-layer divergence in internal gravity waves. Thus, the connection between interannual coupled Rossby waves and TLC in the interior subtropical gyre does not appear to derive from wave-induced modulation of the pelagic food web. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Relationship of Caspian tern foraging ecology to nesting success in the Columbia River estuary, Oregon, USA

The prevalence of juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) and marine forage fishes in the diet of Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia) nesting in the Columbia River estuary has been established, but the relationship between diet composition, foraging distribution, and productivity of these birds has received little attention. We used radio-telemetry and on-colony observations to relate changes in off-colony distribution to patterns of colony attendance, diet composition, and productivity of adult terns nesting on East Sand Island during two years of different river and prey conditions. Average distance from the East Sand Island colony (located in the marine zone of the estuary) was 38% (6.6 km) greater in 2000 compared to 2001, associated with lower availability of marine forage fish near East Sand Island and lower prevalence of marine prey in tern diets. Colony attendance was much lower (37.0% vs. 62.5% of daylight hours), average trip duration was 40% longer (38.9 min), and nesting success was much lower (0.57 young fledged pair⁻¹ vs. 1.40 young fledged pair⁻¹) in 2000 compared to 2001. Higher proportions of juvenile salmonids in the diet were associated with relatively high use of the freshwater zone of the estuary by radio-tagged terns, which occurred prior to chick-rearing and when out-migrating salmonid smolts were relatively abundant. Lower availability of marine prey in 2000 apparently limited Caspian tern nesting success by markedly reducing colony attendance and lengthening foraging trips by nesting terns, thereby increasing chick mortality rates from predation, exposure, and starvation.     

Size fractionated biomass and productivity of phytoplankton and new production in the Prydz Bay and the adjacent Indian sector of the Southern Ocean during the austral summer 1998/1999

INTRODUCTIONComparedwithotheroceansintheworld ,thereisrelativelyhigherlevelofnutrients (ni trate ,phosphate ,silicate)intheSouthernOcean .Butprimaryproductivitiesarelow ,andnewproductionisalsoonlyinthemiddlelevelthere .Itiscommonlyconsideredthatthelowerpro ductivitiesintheSouthernOceaniscausedbylowtemperature ,lowlight,lowstabilityofwa ter,scarcityoftraceelementsuchasironandgrazingbyzooplankton (Burkilletal.,1 995) ,etc.ThemostexistedstudiesconcentratedontheAtlanticSectoroftheSouthernO…     

罗源湾和闽南—台湾浅滩海域浮游植物的光合参数

本工作采用~(14)C示踪法,于1987～1989年现场测定了罗源湾和闵南-台湾浅滩渔场浮游植物碳同化速率。结合叶绿素和细胞含碳量的测定,描述了浮游植物光合参数的季节变化,探讨温度对同化系数和碳比积累速率的影响。结果表明,罗源湾碳比积累速率平均为0.64d~(-1),闽南-台湾浅滩渔场碳比积累速率平均为0.85d~(-1),这反映了两个海区初级生产力的差别。温度对碳比积累速率的影响可以采用Goldman和Carpenter的模式来描述。     

厦门东侧水道海域的初级生产力

厦门东侧水道海域水体叶绿素a年平均值为 2 .79mg/m3,变化于 0 .64～ 8.0 1mg/m3之间 ;初级生产力年平均值为 2 61mg/(m2 ·d) ,变化于 1 5～ 52 5mg/(m2 ·d)之间 .叶绿素a含量以春、夏高 ,秋、冬低为特征 .初级生产力以春、秋高 ,夏、冬低为特点 ,季节差异较明显 ,尤其春、冬季的差别较显著 .研究结果表明该海域具有较高水平的叶绿素a含量和初级生产力 ,这与该海区地处亚热带 ,水温高、光照充足 ,营养盐比较丰富有关 .     

Trophic Status of the South-Eastern Baltic Sea: A Comparison of Coastal and Open Areas

Primary production, nutrient concentrations, phytoplankton biomass (incl. chlorophyll a) and water transparency (Secchi depth), are important indicators of eutrophication. Earlier basin-wide primary production estimates for the Baltic Sea, a shallow shelf sea, were based mainly on open-sea data, neglecting the fundamentally different conditions in the large river plumes, which might have substantially higher production. Mean values of the period 1993–1997 of nutrient concentrations (phosphate, nitrate, ammonium and silicate), phytoplankton biomass, chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration, turbidity and primary production were calculated in the plumes of the rivers Oder, Vistula and Daugava and Klaipeda Strait as well as the open waters of the Arkona Sea, Bornholm Sea, eastern Gotland Sea and the Gulf of Riga. In the plumes, these values, except for primary production, were significantly higher than in the open waters. N:P ratios in the plumes were >16 (with some exceptions in summer and autumn), indicating potential P-limitation of phytoplankton growth, whereas they were <16 in the open Baltic Proper, indicating potential N-limitation. On the basis of in situ phytoplankton primary production, phytoplankton biomass and nutrient concentrations, the large river plumes and the Gulf of Riga could be characterized as eutrophic and the outer parts of the coastal waters and the open sea as mesotrophic. Using salinity to define the border of the plumes, their mean extension was calculated by means of a circulation model. Taking into account the contribution of coastal waters, the primary production in the Baltic Proper and the Gulf of Riga was 42·6 and 4·3×10⁶ t C yr⁻¹, respectively. Hence, an annual phytoplankton primary production in the whole Baltic Sea was estimated at 62×10⁶ t C yr⁻¹. The separate consideration of the plumes had only a minor effect on the estimation of total primary production in comparison with an estimate based on open sea data only. There is evidence for a doubling of primary production in the last two decades. Moreover, a replacement of diatoms by dinoflagellates during the spring bloom was noticed in the open sea but not in the coastal waters. A scheme for trophic classification of the Baltic Sea, based on phytoplankton primary production and biomass, chl a and nutrient concentrations, is proposed.     

Absolute pollen productivity and pollen–vegetation relationships in northern Finland

Pollen productivity is one of the most critical parameters for pollen–vegetation relationships, and thus for vegetation reconstruction, in either pollen percentages or pollen accumulation rates. We obtain absolute pollen productivity of three major tree types in northern Finland: pine (Pinus sylvestris), spruce (Picea abies) and birch (Betula pubescens ssp. pubescens and B. pubescens ssp. czerepanovii treated as one taxon). Long‐term monitoring records of pollen traps from 15 sites (duration: 5–23 years) and tree volume estimates within a 14 km radius of each trap were compared to estimate pollen productivity (grains m^?3 a^?1) of these trees using a regression method. The slope of the linear relationship between pollen loading and distance‐weighted plant abundance represents pollen productivity. Estimated productivities of pollen (×10⁸ grains m^?3 a^?1) for pine, spruce and birch are 128.7 (SE 31.5), 341.9 (SE 81.3) and 411.4 (SE 307.7), respectively. The birch estimate (P > 0.05) is not as good as the others and should be used with caution. Pollen productivities of pine, spruce and birch in northern Finland are, in general, comparable to those of congeneric species in other regions of Europe and Japan. Although the year‐to‐year variations are significant, our volume‐based estimates of pollen productivity for pine and spruce will be essential for quantitative reconstruction of vegetation in the region. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Climate variability, vegetation productivity and people at risk

Human domination of ecosystems has been pervasive over the last century, with nearly half of Earth's surface transformed by human actions. It is widely accepted that humans appropriate up to 50% of global net primary production (NPP), the energy base of all the trophic levels on the land surface. Yet, despite the important role of vegetation productivity for defining Earth habitability, the covariation of NPP and human population distribution has not been analyzed in depth. We used recently available satellite-based NPP estimates, along with gridded population at 0.5° resolution, first, to identify the global distribution of human population with reference to average NPP and to the various climatic constraints (temperature, water and cloud cover) that limit NPP, second, to analyze recent trends in global NPP in relation to population trends, and third, to identify populations that are vulnerable to changes in NPP due to interannual variability in climate. Our results indicate that over half of the global human population is presently living in areas with above the average NPP of 490 g C m⁻² year⁻¹. By 1998, nearly 56% of global population lived in regions where water availability strongly influences NPP. Per capita NPP declined over much of Africa between 1982 and 1998, in spite of the estimated increases in NPP over the same period. On average, NPP over 40% of the total vegetated land surface has shown significant correlations with ENSO-induced climate variability affecting over 2.8 billion people.     

Assessing crop yield and crop water productivity and optimizing irrigation scheduling of winter wheat and summer maize in the Haihe plain using SWAT model

Haihe plain is an important food production area in China, facing an increasing water shortage. The water used for agriculture accounts for about 70% of total water resources. Thus, it is critical to optimize the irrigation scheduling for saving water and increasing crop water productivity (CWP). This study first simulated crop yield and CWP for winter wheat and summer maize in historical scenario during 1961–2005 for Haihe plain using previously well‐established Soil and Water Assessment Tool model. Then, scenarios under historical irrigation (scenario 1) and sufficient irrigation (scenario 2) were, respectively, simulated both with sufficient fertilizer. The crop yield in scenario 2 was considered as the potential crop yield. The optimal irrigation scheduling with sufficient fertilizer (scenario 3) was explored by iteratively adjusting irrigation scheduling based on the scenario 1 and previous studies related to water stress on crop growth. Results showed that net irrigation amount was, respectively, reduced 23.1% and 18.8% in scenario 3 for winter wheat and summer maize when compared with scenario 1. The CWP was 12.1% and 8.2% higher with very slight change of crop yield. Using optimal irrigation scheduling could save 8.8 × 10⁸ m³ irrigation water and reduce about 16.3% groundwater over‐exploitation in winter wheat growth period. The corresponding yield was 18.5% and 12.9% less than potential yield for winter wheat and summer maize but using less irrigation water. Therefore, it could be considered that the optimal irrigation was reasonable, which provided beneficial suggestions for increasing efficiency of agricultural water use with sustainable crop yield in Haihe plain. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.