Topological relations in multisystems of more than n+ 3 phases 1

Multisystems of n+k (k > 3) phases are very complicated and knowledge of them has suffered as a result. The successful solution of the topological relationships in n+ 3 phase multisystems by Zen (1966, 1967) and Zen & Roseboom (1972) has aroused much interest regarding what will happen in a multisystem of more than n+ 3 phases. Since 1979, some important research results on this topic have been published. These results have expounded the substantial rules governing the appearance of phase relations in phase diagrams of n - k (k > 3) phase multisystems. The most significant conclusions include: (1) It is impossible to incorporate all the possible phase relations in an n+k (k > 3) phase multisystem in a single closed net. Therefore, it is no longer enough to use only a single closed net to depict the topological relations involved in these types of multisystems. Instead, one or more groups of closed nets, namely the complete system(s) of closed nets are necessary for this purpose. (2) A principle called the Combination Principle has been proposed and proved. It states: Any closed net of one n+k (k > 3) phase multisystem must be a combination of two or more distinct n+ 3 order submultisystem closed nets belonging to the given n+k phase multisystem, if it is not one of the n+ 3 order submultisystem closed nets itself. The combination principle provides both a theoretical basis and a practical method for the construction of closed nets and, hence, for the derivation of the real phase diagrams for any n+k (k > 3) phase multisystem. (3) A theorem on divariant-assemblage-characteristic-stability-polygons is also important to our understanding of the n+k (k± 3) phase multisystem closed nets. This theorem can be stated as follows: A divariant assemblage of an n+k (k± 3) phase multisystem will be stable in an l-polygon lacking diagonals in an appropriate set of closed-net-diagrams, and this l-polygon may be at least a triangle, and at most a k-polygon. In addition, the closed-net-diagrams of unary and binary n+ 4 phase multisystems derived respectively by Guo (1980b, 1980c, 1981a) and by Roseboom & Zen (1982) have also been summarized. The combination principle is applied to a practical petrological problem in this paper, dealing with 7 phases in the system FeO-Fe₂O₃-SiO₂.     

非保守弹性动力系统两类变量的广义拟变分原理及其应用

按照广义力和广义位移之间的对应关系,将弹性动力学的各基本方程分别乘上相应的虚量,然后在相应的体积域和面积域上积分,将积分式代数相加,再将代数和在时间域上积分,代入本构关系,并考虑到体积力和面积力均为伴生力,进而建立了非保守弹性动力系统的第1类两类变量的广义拟变分原理;再应用类似的方法,通过代入另一类本构关系,建立了非保守弹性动力系统的第2类两类变量广义拟变分原理.应用第1类两类变量广义拟余能原理给出同时求解1个典型的非保守弹性动力系统的固有频率、变形和内力的计算方法.最后,讨论了有关问题.     

A STATISTICAL APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF MISSING SPATIAL DATA USING A FIRST-ORDER MARKOV MODEL*

Geographical data sets sometimes contain missing observations that need to be estimated. A statistical approach to the problem is discussed for multivariate normal spatial data sets satisfying the first-order spatial Markov property with constant mean, where the information at neighboring or contiguous observed sites is used to estimate the missing values. The completed data are used to estimate the parameters of the distribution. The procedure is iterative. The approach is a special case of the Orchard and Woodbury missing information principle. The paper concludes with an illustrative empirical example using rainfall data from an area of Kansas and Nebraska. The quality of the estimates for different sites are compared.     

利用HJ-1A/1BCCD数据进行黄河凌汛监测

利用HJ-1A/1B卫星CCD数据进行黄河凌汛监测,提出了基于主成分分析和决策树的冰凌提取方法。实验结果显示,利用HJ-1A/1B卫星CCD数据能有效地提取出黄河的冰凌范围,对黄河凌汛监测具有较大的应用潜力。     

不同职能城市土地利用结构影响因素分析

根据2007年地级以上城市的土地和社会经济数据,采用主成分、聚类分析、相关分析等方法,分析不同职能城市土地利用结构特征及影响因素。结果表明:(1)根据城市职能主因子得分,结合城市规划及发展实际,将地级以上规模城市分为区域综合性城市、第二产业城市、交通城市、文化旅游城市、地方中心城市5类。(2)不同职能城市土地利用结构信息熵以中等水平为主,土地利用类型多样性提升空间较大。(3)经济因素、产业结构、基础设施和城市人口等是影响土地利用结构的主要因素,但对不同职能城市用地结构的影响次序和影响程度异质性明显。     

南宁市大气电场雷电预警系统的原理及应用

介绍南宁市大气电场雷电预警系统的原理及运行机制,通过一次成功的雷电预警过程,验证了系统的可用性,同时对系统的使用提出一些建议。     

利用经验模态分解和主成分分析的SAR图像相干斑抑制

对SAR图像应用对数加性噪声模型,将经验模态分解(Empirical mode decomposition, EMD)与主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis, PCA)相结合,提出了一种基于PCA的EMD相干斑抑制算法。根据对数SAR图像中相干斑噪声的统计特性和高斯白噪声经EMD分解后的能量分布模型,近似估算SAR图像经EMD分解后各层内蕴模态函数中所含噪声的能量;将内蕴模态函数利用PCA进行分解,根据PCA对含噪信号的分解特性和内蕴模态函数中噪声能量所占的比例,选择合适的成分分量重构内蕴模态函数,以进一步去除噪声保留有用的细节信息。仿真实验结果表明,本文方法在有效抑制相干斑噪声的同时可以较好地保持边缘纹理细节的清晰。     

交通图表达模式和表示方法设计

结合河南省交通图的设计与制作,重点对交通图的表达模式和表示方法等相关技术问题进行研究。提出交通图新的表达模式和表示方法,设计了新的交通图符号,并叠加在地貌晕渲上,突出了交通要素和重要通道。在此基础上对交通图插图的样式以及图面的整体配置进行试验研究,为今后交通图的设计与制作提供借鉴和参考。     

Origin and source regions of PM10 in the Eastern Mediterranean atmosphere

A set of daily PM₁₀ (n = 281) samples collected from April 2001 to April 2002 at a rural site (Erdemli), located on the coast of the Eastern Mediterranean, were analyzed applying Mass Closure (MC), absolute principal factor analysis (APFA) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) to determine source contributions. The results from the three techniques were compared to identify the similarities and differences in the sources and source contributions. Source apportionment analysis indicated that PM₁₀ were mainly originated from natural sources (sea salt + crustal ≈ 60%) whilst secondary aerosols and residual oil burning accounted for approximately 20% and 10% of the total PM₁₀ mass, respectively. Calculations for sulfate showed that on average 8% and 12% of its total concentration were originated from sea salt and biogenic emissions, respectively. However, the contribution by biogenic emissions may reach up to a maximum of ~ 40% in the summer. Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) analysis for identification of source regions showed that the Saharan desert was the main source area for crustal components. For secondary aerosol components the analysis revealed one source region, (i.e. the south-Eastern Black Sea), whereas for residual oil, Western Europe and the western Balkans areas were found to be the main source regions.     

MP-3000A微波辐射计探测原理及误差分析

MP-3000A微波辐射计是一种新型35通道微波辐射计。相对于探空和GPS水汽探测,它可以连续得到从地面到10km高度上高分辨率的温度、相对湿度和水汽廓线以及较低分辨率的液态水廓线。廓线从0m～10km共58个数据层,利用探测区域的历史探空资料和神经网络算法正向模拟微波辐射量,从而得出温湿廓线。本文介绍了MP-3000A微波辐射计的主要功能、工作原理和误差来源。