基于GF 1光谱数据的青藏地区冰川资源现状遥感调查

以2014—2015年的GF 1为主、少量OLI影像为基础,参考第二次中国冰川目录等文献资料,修编完成青海省和西藏自治区两省区的现代冰川编目,查明青藏两省区目前共有冰川24 796条,总面积约2624×104 km2,约占青藏两省区区域面积的137%,冰川储量为2027×103~2121×103 km3。调查区冰川数量以面积<10 km2、冰川面积介于10~100 km2之间的冰川为主,其中面积<10 km2的冰川有19 983条,占总数量的8059%,面积介于10~100 km2之间的冰川面积为11 96240 km2,占总面积的4559%;面积最大的中锋冰川的面积达23737 km2。调查区内的山系(高原)均有冰川分布,念青唐古拉山冰川数量最多,其次是喜马拉雅山和冈底斯山,这3座山系冰川数量占调查区内冰川总数量的6333%;念青唐古拉山、喜马拉雅山和昆仑山的冰川面积和冰储量位列前3位,其冰川面积和冰储量分别占总数的6809%和7344%;然而昆仑山和羌塘高原的单条冰川的平均面积大于念青唐古拉山和喜马拉雅山的平均面积。从冰川海拔分布来看,海拔5 000~6 500 m之间是冰川集中发育区域,约占调查区冰川数量和冰川总面积的85%以上。调查区的冰川在各流域的分布差异显著,恒河流域是冰川分布数量最多、面积最大的一级外流区,其数量占冰川总量的47%以上,面积占总面积的52%以上;青藏高原内陆流域的冰川数量、面积次之,其冰川数量占总数量的21%,面积占总面积的24%以上,并且内流区单条冰川的平均面积略大于外流区的平均面积。总体上,西藏的冰川数量、面积和冰储量分别占西藏和青海两省区的8492%、8492%、8668%,单条冰川的平均面积两省区相近。     

苏里格大型致密砂岩气田储层结构与水平井提高采收率对策

在分析苏里格气田辫状河体系及储层结构特征的基础上,提出了剖面储量集中度的概念,建立了厚层块状型、垂向叠置泛连通型、分散局部连通型、分散孤立型4种砂体分布模式,探讨了不同储层结构下的水平井采出程度,提出了水平井提高采收率技术对策。研究结果表明,辫状河沉积体系复合有效砂体由于“阻流带”的存在,直井动用不完善,水平井能克服“阻流带”的影响,提高层内储量动用程度;但由于砂体多层状分散分布,水平井开发会导致纵向含气层系储量动用不充分,影响层间采出程度。对于剖面储量集中度高的厚层块状型、垂向叠置泛连通型储层,采用水平井整体开发,Ⅰ+Ⅱ类井比例达70%以上,可显著提高储量动用程度和采收率。对于剖面储量集中度低的分散局部连通型储层,采用直井井网开发后进行甜点式优选水平井井位加密部署,可提高采收率10%以上。     

贵州省富锶（Sr）地下水赋存与分布规律探讨

本研究以地层岩石学、环境水文地质学理论为指导,在充分收集前人资料、典型区核查采样检测的基础上,开展了贵州省内富锶(Sr)地下水赋存与分布规律探讨。研究结果表明:富锶(Sr)地下水主要赋存在寒武系、三叠系白云岩以及侏罗系砂岩地层中,受地质构造控制,在平面上从黔西南、黔中、黔北呈条带状集中分布。研究成果揭示了贵州省内富锶(Sr)地下水的赋存条件和空间分布,对在贵州省内开展饮用天然矿泉水资源的勘查评价、规划管理和推动贵州省饮用水产业的发展具有一定的指意义。     

中亚陆间区南带上古生界构造和油气远景(代序)

安加拉-阿尔丹和华北-塔里木两大克拉通之间地壳相对活动性的地区,地质界多称为中亚陆间区,其南带大部分在中国境内。近年来,中国开始把其上古生界作为油气新区、新领域。多数人认为,其在晚古生代已形成过渡型地壳区,其中有许多地块已逐步拼合,在其上发育裂谷型沉积地质体,未受到区域变质,若干实体变形微弱并被上覆层掩盖而得到保存。源于上古生界的油气既可赋存在其内,也可运聚于中生界或基岩内,在其西段已发现了大中型油气田群。但其整体地质研究程度偏低,仍有许多重大区域地质、油气地质问题存在歧见。针对其近年来的进展、存在的问题和油气远景评价作了概括性的评论。     

小秦岭太峪水系沉积物重金属污染生态危害评价

以金矿开发影响的黄河二级支流太峪水系沉积物为研究对象,沿河采集16个表层沉积物样品,分层采集垂向剖面10件水库沉积物样品,测定了样品中重金属元素Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Cu和Zn的含量,采用Hakanson潜在生态指数法和Tomlinson污染负荷指数法评价重金属元素污染程度和潜在生态风险。结果表明,矿业活动是太峪水系沉积物重金属元素污染的主要因素;变异系数、富集系数和最高污染系数均反映Hg、Pb、Cd是太峪水系沉积物的特征污染重金属元素,Cr和As的质量分数接近地区背景值;太峪水系表层沉积物受到重金属元素的极强污染,山区段污染较山外更严重;整个流域的Hg、Pb、Cd具有很强的潜在生态危害,Cr、As、Zn的潜在生态危害轻微;太峪水系沉积物垂向各层沉积物都受到重金属元素的极强污染,生态问题以Hg、Pb、Cd的潜在生态危害为主,其污染和生态危害程度都高于流向上的沉积物。潜在生态危害指数评价突出了不同元素的毒性和危害程度,而污染负荷指数法侧重于样本空间上的污染程度,二者互补使用有利于实际问题的全面评价。     

Results of magnetotelluric surveyon reference geophysical profiles of the Karaton-Sarkamys block in Kazakhstan

A digital geoelectric model of the Karaton-Sarkamys block located in the southern (Kazakhstan) part of the Caspian Depression has been developed on the basis of processing and interpretation of magnetotelluric sounding data. Geoelectric sections and structural maps of geoelectric layers have been constructed. It has been shown that magnetotelluric sounding combined with seismic and GIS data can be efficiently used to obtain additional information on the lithologic and reservoir properties of petroleum plays.     

Electrical analogy for modelling thermal regime and moisture distribution in sandy soils

The soil mass is subjected to temperature variation due to several human activities (viz. tanks storing heated fluids, buried cables and pipelines, air-conditioning ducts, disposal of nuclear and thermal power plant wastes etc.), which result in heat-induced migration of the moisture in it. Though several studies have been conducted in the past to investigate the mechanism of heat migration through the soil mass, a methodology for ‘real-time measurement of the variations in temperature, flux and moving moisture front, in tandem, with respect to space' has rarely been attempted. In this context, extensive laboratory investigations were conducted to measure real-time flux and temperature variations in the sandy soils, and the validation of results has been done by employing an equivalent electrical circuit programme, LTspice. Subsequently, a mathematical model PHITMDS (i.e. Prediction of Heat-Induced Temperature and Moisture Distribution in Soil) has been developed and its utility and efficacy, for predicting the depth-wise temperature and heat-induced moisture migration, due to evaporation, in terms of position of moving moisture front in the sandy soil has been critically discussed and demonstrated.     

Rainfall flood hazard at nuclear power plants in India

Flood hazard evaluation is an important input for Nuclear Power Plants external events safety studies. In the present study, flood hazard at various nuclear sites in India due to rainfall has been evaluated. Hazard estimation is a statistical procedure by which rainfall intensity versus occurrence frequency is estimated from historical records of rainfall data and extrapolated with asymptotic extreme value distribution. Rainfall data needed for flood hazard assessment are daily annual maximum rainfall (24?h data). The observed data points have been fitted using Gumbel, power law and exponential distribution, and return period has been estimated. To study the stationarity of rainfall data, a moving window estimate of the parameters has been performed. The rainfall pattern is stationary in both coastal and inland regions over the period of observation. The coastal regions show intense rainfall and higher variability than inland regions. Based on the plant layout, catchment area and drainage capacity, the prototype fast breeder reactor (PFBR) site is unlikely to be flooded.     

河北省张家口崇礼区北部地球化学特征及其找矿指示

地球化学测量成果被广泛而成熟地运用在矿产勘查工作中,为明确张家口崇礼区北部成矿、找矿的地球化学指示信息,对该区水系沉积物测量及异常查证成果进行了综合分析。通过计算元素富集系数和变异系数、开展R型聚类分析、统计化探异常区岩石的地质年代、对比该区化探异常及已知矿床与典型矿床的成矿要素,从而推断了该区找矿主攻元素为Ag、Pb、Zn、Mo、Cd,且Ag、Pb、Zn和Mo、W 2组元素分别具有共伴生关系,指出该区化探异常主要受燕山期岩浆热液控制。综合分析认为,本区找矿模型为蔡家营式次火山-热液型多金属矿床,具有寻找次火山-热液型Ag、Pb、Zn、Mo多金属矿床的潜力。     

庐枞火山岩盆地南部拔茅山铜矿深部找矿潜力分析

位于庐枞火山岩盆地南部的拔茅山铜矿,是细脉带蚀变岩型脉状铜矿的代表。研究表明,其深部具有斑岩型铜矿的勘探潜力。为了进一步明确其深部找矿潜力,针对研究区斑岩型、热液型铜多金属矿的岩体、断裂、接触带等主要控矿因素,利用高精度磁法和可控源音频大地电磁测深(CSAMT)成果,分别对拔茅山岩体的分布、产状和深部形态及其与围岩的接触带特征进行了剖析。在此基础上,通过与沙溪斑岩铜矿地质、物探异常特征的类比,指明了研究区的找矿方向和有利找矿部位,为进一步找矿提供了思路和依据。