Surface complexation at hydrous fluorapatite

The adsorption of H⁺, OH^– and ARS (Alizarin Red S) onto hydrous fluorapatite surfaces and Ca²⁺—ARS complexation in solution were studied by means of combined potentiometric and spectrophotometric titrations, as well as zeta potential and FT-IR measurements. Corresponding equilibrium constants of surface and solution reactions are determined. The application in flotation processes is discussed.     

Electrostatic Force in Blowing Snow

Separation of electrostatic charge during the transport of particles by wind adds a force to the gravitational and fluid forces that determine trajectories of particles moving by saltation. Evaluating this electrostatic force requires the electric field strength very near the saltation surface, and charge-to-mass ratios for the moving particles. Field mill readings 4 cm above the surface in a moderate blizzard showed electric field strength as high as +30 kV m^-1. Another experiment gave charge-to-mass ratios of individual saltation particles in low-level drifting that ranged between +72 C kg^-1 and -208 C kg^-1. From these measurements, we estimated electrostatic forces as large as the gravitational force on some saltating particles. Including forces of this magnitude in the equations of motion significantly alters predicted saltation trajectories from those for uncharged particles. Predictions appear reasonable that for some saltating particles, the electrostatic force prevents new surface impacts. These results should help improve models of energy transfer in the planetary boundary layer during blizzards and sandstorms.     

应变组合的地质意义及其分解实例

以分析递进变形序列为主线,论述了主有限应变和增量应变的内部旋转所组合的应变扇形区的空间展布。结合发育于剪切带中的一个微细粒浸染型金矿的找矿实际,指出该理论的野外应用方法。     

The evolution characteristics of positive and negative earthquakes before strong quakes in Kanto area and the Hyugo earthquake in Japan

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Relationship of Arctic sea ice and Northern Hemispheric 500 hPa Polar vortices

Using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis monthly 500 hPa height data on a 2.5 latitude-longitude grid and 1°×1° sea ice data,the polar vortex area,intensity index and arctic sea ice area index are calculated respectively,and the meridional distribution,period variation and the abrupts in the long range trend are analyzed to study their relationship.The results show that the meridional distribution of sea ice and polar vortex h-ave distinctive difference,the relative positions of them are different in the eastern and western hemispheres,and exept they have periods of 4 months,quasi half year,quasi year,4-5 years and 10 years commonly,and each of them has its own respective variation as well.The sea ice area is decreasing apparently since 1980's,so is the polar vortex area,but their abrupt changge time are different totally.The area of sea ice and polar vortex has prominent positive correlation,but the relationship of sea ice intensity,polar vortex intensity,polar vortex area is complicated.     

积云模式下三维闪电分形结构的数值模拟

为了提高积云模式对雷暴云内电过程的模拟能力,将Mansell提出的放电参数化方案在起始击穿阈值和闪电通道感应电荷的分配过程上进行改进,耦合了已有的三维强风暴动力—电耦合模式中。对STEPS(Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study)试验中一次雷暴个例以及对中纬度地区理想雷暴个例的模拟表明,引入了新放电参数化方案的模式模拟出闪电在发展特性和几何结构上和观测结果有较好的一致性。模拟结果还表明:闪电的类型与极性取决于背景电荷结构以及闪电的起始位置,只有底部存在正电荷堆时才会产生负地闪,且负地闪的起始点均具有较高的负电势。闪电通道上感应电荷的沉降会改变通道附近水成物粒子上携带的电荷,这对雷暴云内复杂电荷结构的形成有重要作用。经统计,模拟的地闪和云闪通道的分形维数平均值分别为1.47和1.69。对起始击穿阈值的敏感性试验表明,随着起始击穿阈值的增大,首次闪电时间会向后推迟,当采用逃逸击穿时首次闪电产生的时间最早;闪电数量随起始击穿阈值的增大而减少;当使用固定击穿阈值(100,150和200 k V)时得到的云地闪比均小于使用逃逸击穿时得到的云地闪比,使用逃逸击穿时得到的云地闪比与观测结果最为接近。     

Impact of the Vertical Velocity Field on Charging Processes and Charge Separation in a Simulated Thunderstorm

A three-dimensional(3D) charging-discharging cloud resolution model was used to investigate the impact of the vertical velocity field on the charging processes and the formation of charge structure in a strong thunderstorm. The distribution and evolution of ice particle content and charges on ice particles were analyzed in different vertical velocity fields. The results show that the ice particles in the vertical velocity range from 1 to 5 m s-1obtained the most charge through charging processes during the lifetime of the thunderstorm. The magnitude of the charges could reach 1014 n C. Before the beginning of lightning activity,the charges produced in updraft region 2(updraft speed 13 m s-1) and updraft region 1(updraft speed between 5 and 13 m s-1) were relatively significant. The magnitudes of charge reached 1013 n C, which clearly impacted upon the early lightning activity. The vertical velocity conditions in the quasi-steady region(updraft speed between –1 and 1 m s-1) were the most conducive for charge separation on ice particles on different scales. Accordingly, a net charge structure always appeared in the quasi-steady and adjacent regions. Based on the results, a conceptual model of ice particle charging, charge separation, and charge structure formation in the flow field was constructed. The model helps to explain observations of the"lightning hole" phenomenon.     

煤岩体电荷检测在动力灾害预测中的应用

文章为煤岩动力灾害的预测提供新的方法,针对大安上煤矿用岩体电荷辐射测试仪进行现场实验测试,得出:(1)大安山矿电荷感应幅值在300Pc以下,煤岩体比较稳定;(2)电荷感应幅值呈现出与周期来压一致的周期性变化;(3)电荷感应幅值最大处一般均在工作面前方10～16m,这与采掘工作面前方煤岩层的集中应力向煤体深部传播一致;(4)在测期间一直处于稳定状态,而测得的电荷感应幅值也较小,说明和实际比较符合。还简要介绍安装工艺。得出岩体电荷检测能对动力现象作出预测。     

iCAP 6300电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪的常规维护方法

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪在使用过程中,由于控制气体流量的电磁阀出现机械性移位,致使工作气流量过于偏大或偏小,对进样系统及分析数据产生不利影响;长期频繁使用条件下,由于控制光学系统的机械定位装置的磨损,致使谱峰坐标偏离而影响仪器灵敏度;很长时间不能"引燃"等离子体,检查进样系统和氩气纯度并没有发现异常,需要验证RF发生器有无功率输出时有一定的困难;在等离子体工作时产生的高温尾气的长期作用下,难免造成点火头末端铜丝的锈蚀,致使点火头放电微弱,不能"引燃"等离子体。因此,为保证仪器的正常运行,提高工作效率,确保检测数据的准确度,实验室应建立健全电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪维护保养方案,解决上述问题。本文结合实际工作经验,以iCAP 6300电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪为例,提出可以借助"Manufacturing and Service.exe"程序校正工作气流量,验证RF发生器是否输出功率;利用C 193.091 nm谱线为基准校正谱线修正CID检测器的谱峰坐标系统;另外,对点火头、分析软件数据库及主机灰尘的清理也进行了详细的维护说明,这些措施有益于保障仪器的性能及提高设备的利用率。     

断层输导作用与油气充注作用关系分析

断层是控制油气藏形成的重要因素之一;断层的开启及闭合影响到油气运移与聚集的效率。但油气在断层中的运移与在砂层中的充注存在差异性这一问题长期被忽视。一般认为;只要发育断层;其断开的渗透层就会被油气充注;极少关注地层水和石油的压缩特性对充注的影响。本文提出;地下单断层活动时;深部油气在超压作用下以涌流方式难以快速充注进入中浅层被切割的砂体;因此;单砂体至少要存在一条断层作为泄水出口;石油才能通过其余断层充注进入砂体;即单砂体要发育两条及两条以上断层;石油才能注入砂体。在断层静止期;油气通过渗流方式沿特定深度范围断面垂向运移;对油气垂向运移距离影响较小。本文运用4个大型盆地的典型油气藏与断层分布关系讨论了本文观点。该观点对油气成藏规律研究及成藏目标评价有较重要参考意义。