Determination of soil heat flux in a tibetan short-grass prairie

Soil heat flux is examined using a new method considering soil thermal conduction and convection processes. Using this method, we determine that soil heat fluxes owing to soil thermal conduction and convection were significant for the Naqu site in the summer of 1998. Experimental analyses of the surface energy balance are given.     

东北冷涡的定义、识别与定量化研究综述

本文系统的回顾了切断低压中典型多发系统,东北冷涡的定义、识别方法及气候特征的相关研究进展。东北冷涡识别方法包括主观识别、客观识别及主客观识别结合等。主观识别工作量大且可重复性低,客观识别是东北冷涡未来研究的重点。现阶段东北冷涡研究主要侧重于气候学研究,其定量化研究以物理形态及相关指数两个方面为主。东北冷涡概念化及定量化定义的完善,公开客观的数据集及相关行业标准的建立,内部机理研究及业务转换等方面有待加强。     

DEVELOPMENT OF MESOSCALE DISTURBANCE IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL INHOMOGENEOUS VORTEX

Starting from the anelastic equations describing deep convection in cylindrical coordinates, the WKBJ method is used to discuss the stability of asymmetric three-dimensional inhomogeneous vortex under the conditions of nonhydrostatic and non-equilibrium gradient wind. From the equation of wave action, the development of disturbance is qualitatively analyzed.     

一个β中涡对双台风相互作用影响的物理过程

利用高分辨率f平面正压拟谱模式,分析一个β中尺度涡对双台风相互作用影响的物理过程。结果表明：β中涡的存在可以使原本排斥的两个DeMaria型台风涡旋合并;β中涡改变双台风相互作用终态的物理机制是：初始时段处于某一台风涡旋正影响区内的β中涡,构成了非对称涡度场,进而在该台风涡旋内部产生指向另一个台风涡旋的气流。该气流如果足够强,则会使两个台风的中心距离在短时间内下降到合并临界距离之内,触发双涡合并过程的发生。     

一种新型西南低涡逐步订正识别方法

西南低涡是形成于青藏高原东侧的特殊天气系统,国内学者目前对于西南低涡的识别没有统一的标准。通过分析西南低涡的主要特征,结合高度场、涡度场、风场,设计了一种适应于西南低涡的HVW识别方法,将其应用于2014年6—8月GRAPES-MESO高分辨率格点分析资料,对比与西南低涡天气图实况的差异。通过对西南低涡的识别、低涡生成和消亡时间、低涡中心位置以及低涡中心强度这几方面的具体分析,得到以下几点结论:1)HVW识别方法能够有效识别出高精度格点资料中的西南低涡过程,与格点实况的吻合率达到87.5%;对于天气图和格点资料都能够再现的西南低涡个例,HVW识别方法的准确度能够达到90.9%,说明HVW识别方法能够有效捕捉西南低涡。2)以天气图实况资料为西南低涡生命时长检验标准,HVW识别方法能够合理分析低涡的生成和消亡时间。3)对西南低涡中心位置偏差进行分析发现,HVW识别的西南低涡中心位置不仅位于西南低涡气压低值附近,更位于风场辐合中心。4)对西南低涡中心强度的评估发现,格点实况与HVW识别方法分析的西南低涡强度差异几乎可以忽略,充分说明了HVW识别方法包含了格点实况的高度场信息,也说明该识别方法的西南低涡中心强度可以用来代替格点实况结果。通过对2014年6—8月西南低涡过程的具体分析,验证了HVW逐步循环定位方法的可行性、合理性以及准确性。     

The Evolution of a Meso-β-Scale Convective Vortex in the Dabie Mountain Area

The evolution of a mesoscale convective system (MCS) that caused strong precipitation in the northern area of Dabie Mountain during 21-22 June 2008 is analyzed, along with the evolution of the associated meso-β-scale convective vortex (MCV). The mesoscale reanalysis data generated by the Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS) at a 3-km horizontal resolution and a 1-h time resolution during the South China Heavy Rainfall Experiment (SCHeREX) were utilized. The results show that two processes played key roles in the enhancement of convective instability. First, the mesoscale low-level jet strengthened and shifted eastward, leading to the convergence of warm-wet airflow and increasing convective instability at middle and low levels. Second, the warm-wet airflow interacted with the cold airflow from the north, causing increased vertical vorticity in the vicinity of steeply sloping moist isentropic surfaces. The combined action of these two processes caused the MCS to shift progressively eastward. Condensation associated with the MCS released latent heat and formed a layer of large diabatic heating in the middle troposphere, increasing the potential vorticity below this layer. This increase in potential vorticity created favorable conditions for the development of a low-level vortex circulation. The vertical motion associated with this low-level vortex further promoted the development of convection, creating a positive feedback between the deep convection and the low-level vortex circulation. This feedback mechanism not only promoted the maturation of the MCS, but also played the primary role in the evolution of the MCV. The MCV formed and developed due to the enhancement of the positive feedback that accompanied the coming together of the center of the vortex and the center of the convection. The positive feedback peaked and the MCV matured when these two centers converged. The positive feedback weakened and the MCV began to decay as the two centers separated and diverged.     

Low-Frequency Vortex Pair over the Tropical Eastern Indian Ocean and the South China Sea Summer Monsoon Onset

In this paper,the relationship between a pair of low-frequency vortexes over the equatorial Indian Ocean and the South China Sea(SCS) summer monsoon onset is studied based on a multi-year(1980-2003) analysis.A pair of vortexes symmetric about the equator is an important feature prior to the SCS summer monsoon onset.A composite analysis shows that the life cycle of the pair of vortexes is closely associated with the SCS summer monsoon onset.The westerly between the twin cyclones is an important factor to the SCS summer monsoon onset process.     

两层正压准平衡海洋模型的中纬度自由涡旋波动解

建立了具有瑞利摩擦且仅考虑大洋西海岸或同时考虑大洋东、西海岸的两层正压准平衡海洋模型,并做了解析求解,用以研究中纬度的自由涡旋波。得到的主要结论有:模型中该波动的解为波包。在仅考虑大洋西海岸时该波包的载频频率是连续谱;而同时考虑大洋东、西海岸时其为离散谱;且均有载频频率越高(周期越短)水平尺度越大的特点,对过分低频的波动,则会使准平衡的假定不再适用。模型中该波动波包载频的周期约在26天至24年。因考虑了摩擦,该波包的振幅随时间呈指数衰减,但摩擦系数的大小仅影响其衰减程度而不改变其空间结构,最终该波包振幅趋于0,故该两层正压海洋模型的解就趋于大气风场的强迫特解。模型中该波包的载频都是西传的;频率较高则西传较快,波包的特性和变形都很明显;频率低,则西传慢,其波形接近平面简谐波。在该两层正压模型中,该波动上层流场与正压模型中的流动类似,而下层海洋流动则其流速与上层海洋相同,而流向相反。该模型中该波动的性质是准平衡(准无辐散)的涡旋波,当摩擦不太大且其水平尺度在10km以上时,其性质则为准地转的Rossby波。     

华北冷涡背景下强对流天气的基本特征分析

利用京津冀的危险天气报资料,统计分析2001-2008年5-8月华北冷涡背景下的强对流天气的时空分布及动力热力特征.结果表明:(1) 短时强降水在沿海地区发生的概率最大,尤其是下午至傍晚.河北西北山区上午发生大风和冰雹的概率最大,下午至傍晚的大概率区向东向南明显扩大.龙卷在上午发生的概率最大,其大概率中心位于北京.(2...     

大气横波型扰动连续谱的结构

采用数值方法计算了当基本气流有垂直线性切变、 层结参数为常值时横波型扰动的谱点和谱函数, 并将数值计算的结果与理论分析作了对照和讨论。当三支波动连续谱区相互不重叠时该计算结果与理论分析完全一致, 但当发生连续谱区重叠时则须采用谱函数重组的方法来得到连续谱的结构。重组的基本原则是在波谱重叠区对计算得到的谱函数作预处理后, 再对频率相邻的谱点和谱函数进行滑动平均, 并将该滑动平均后的结果作为重组后的谱点和谱函数。分析该重组后的谱函数可知, 此时扰动结构呈现涡旋－重力惯性混合波的形式, 出现了新波型。在连续谱三波重叠区域, 该混合波的谱函数在对流层中层有涡旋波的临界层并体现了涡旋波的性质, 在对流层的上、 下层则分别有顺、 逆传重力惯性波的临界层并体现了重力惯性波的性质。