PALEOMAGNETIC ESTIMATE OF THE MESOZOIC—CENOZOIC LATITUDINAL DISPLACEMENT OF TERRENES IN THE QINGHAI—TIBET PLATEAU AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE

PALEOMAGNETIC ESTIMATE OF THE MESOZOIC—CENOZOIC LATITUDINAL DISPLACEMENT OF TERRENES IN THE QINGHAI—TIBET PLATEAU AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE1　QianFang ,PreliminarystudyonthehorizontalmovementofNgariarea ,Tibet,sincePliocene[A].AbstractfromInterna tionalSymposiumonHimalayaGeologySciences[C].1984,2 49～ 2 5 0 . 2　JiangChunfa .OpeningandclosingstructuresofKunlun[M ].Beijing :GeologicalPublishingHouse ,1992 ,15 4～ 2 17. 3　XuZhiqin ,…     

青藏高原东北边缘及毗邻地区自然环境与人地系统响应

在综合评价青藏高原东北边缘及毗邻地区的地貌、水文、气候、景观及自然环境特征的基础上 ,重点探讨了该地区人地系统对自然环境的响应 ,从而为人地关系的调控提供依据。     

高原冻土隧道支护技术及工艺试验研究

昆仑山隧道是青藏铁路550 km连续多年冻土区最长的高原冻土隧道。在高寒缺氧、低气压地区修建铁路隧道所遇到的是全新的技术难题。室内和现场试验及施工结果表明：在多年冻土隧道施工中采用湿喷混凝土支护,使混凝土与冻土围岩黏结牢固,并能保证支护混凝土的质量,证明湿喷混凝土支护在高原多年冻土区隧道施工中是可行的。     

甘肃黄土高原春旱的气候特征及预测方法

利用甘肃黄土高原55个气象站在1968-2000年间的春季降水、气温资料, 计算了春季干湿指数, 划分了春旱标准, 用REOF方法进行了气候分区, 分析了其时空分布特征和变化规律, 计算了其与欧亚500hPa高度场、赤道北太平洋海温和高原加热场的相关关系, 建立了甘肃黄土高原春旱的均生函数预测模型。结果表明, 干旱有三个高发区, 频率为36%~57%, 约2~3年一遇, 且有增加的趋势。春旱与当年高原500hPa高度场、赤道北太平洋海温及上年盛夏高原加热场呈正相关, 与前期冬季高原加热场呈负相关, 所建立的预报模型有一定的预报能力。     

藏东"三江"流域土地沙漠化成因及防治对策

金沙江、澜沧江和怒江是藏东地区著名的国际性大河,"三江"流域作为"江河源"、"生态源"的重要组成部分,它的生态环境变化对当地乃至周边地区都有着重大影响。近年来受全球变暖和人类不合理的开发自然资源的影响,土地沙漠化问题日趋严重,直接影响了当地的经济发展和人民生活。作者在分析了当地土地沙漠化现状、成因的基础上,结合当地实际情况提出三条防治土地沙漠化的对策,并指出保护好"三江"流域的生态环境对当地乃至周边地区都有着十分重要的意义。     

Spatial explicit soil moisture analysis: pattern and its stability at small catchment scale in the loess hilly region of China

Soil moisture is essential for plant growth and terrestrial ecosystems, especially in arid and semi‐arid regions. This study aims to quantify the variation of soil moisture content and its spatial pattern as well as the influencing factors. The experiment is conducted in a small catchment named Yangjuangou in the loess hilly region of China. Soil moisture to a depth of 1 m has been obtained by in situ sampling at 149 sites with different vegetation types before and after the rainy season. Elevation, slope position, slope aspect, slope gradient and vegetation properties are investigated synchronously. With the rainy season coming, soil moisture content increases and then reaches the highest value after the rainy season. Fluctuation range and standard deviation of soil moisture decrease after a 4‐month rainy season. Standard deviation of soil moisture increases with depth before the rainy season; after the rainy season, it decreases within the 0‐ to 40‐cm soil depth but then increases with depths below 40 cm. The stability of the soil moisture pattern at the small catchment scale increases with depth. The geographical position determines the framework of soil moisture pattern. Soil moisture content with different land‐use types is significantly increased after the rainy season, but the variances of land‐use types are significantly different. Landform and land‐use types can explain most of the soil moisture spatial variations. Soil moisture at all sample sites increases after the rainy season, but the spatial patterns of soil moisture are not significantly changed and display temporal stability despite the influence of the rainy season. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河西走廊中西部干旱区极端暴雨个例分析

利用常规、自动气象观测站资料、卫星资料及NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对2012年6月4 5日河西走廊中西部干旱区极端暴雨天气过程的影响系统配置、中尺度特征、水汽输送、不稳定能量等方面进行了诊断分析。结果表明:此次暴雨发生在地面冷锋过境后,降温冷凝作用明显,对流层高层存在强抽吸作用,中层高原低涡受其下游弱脊阻挡较长时间维持在暴雨区上空,低层存在切变线,高低空系统的耦合提供了中尺度对流系统发生、发展的有利条件;水汽主要来自对流层中低层东、西两路及高层南路三支水汽输送通道,西路水汽输送强度最大,东路水汽输送受小高压影响显著,暴雨开始后6 h才完整建立,暴雨中心整层大气可降水量达到了该地区夏季平均值的两倍多;通过降温、增湿作用近地面出现对流不稳定能量,自由对流高度较低;涡旋云系的冷空气侵入处,不断激发出6个β中尺度的对流单体,暴雨中心玉门两次受其中4个单体的影响,产生短时强降水。     

2011年2月—2012年1月东南极高原辐射平衡观测研究

利用东南极高原熊猫-1自动气象站2011年2月—2012年1月观测的辐射资料和相关资料,对辐射分量和辐射平衡的季节变化进行了研究。结果表明,夏季是东南极高原获得太阳能的主要时段,总辐射通量夏季平均为365.0 W/m²,总量达到2752.1 MJ/m²,占全年总辐射量的58%。各个季节均能出现总辐射瞬时值大于大气顶水平总辐射,春季发生频率最高,冬季最小,总辐射平均日变化呈单峰型。大气长波辐射除夏季外,日变化不明显。冰雪面长波辐射除冬季外,各季节平均日变化呈明显的单峰单谷型。净辐射12月和1月为很小的正值,其他月份为负值。年平均净辐射为 -8.7 W/m²,表明地表相对于大气为冷源。该站的辐射平衡特征与其他南极内陆高原站相似,雪面具有强烈的辐射冷却效应,导致净辐射绝对值都小于下降风区。     

低温无固相钻井液配方优选及经济性评价

为解决高原冻土和天然气水合物勘探过程中钻进和取心问题,选择了NaCl作为抗冻剂,抗盐共聚物GTQ和水解聚丙烯酰胺PHP作为主要聚合物试剂,采用正交试验法,在常温下优选出了9组配方,经过低温测试,确定了在 -15 ℃可用的钻井液配方Z1（20%NaCl+0.1%PHP+1.2%GTQ+1%KHm）和Z2（25%NaCl+0.15%PHP+1.0%GTQ+1%KHm）,其主要性能指标分别为：AV值46.5、47.5 mPa·s,PV值34、35 mPa·s,YP值12.8、12.8 Pa,FLAPI值6.8、7.6 mL/30 min。经成本核算,2种配方具有比较好的经济性,可以满足高原冻土层钻进要求。     

The Effects of Plateau Pika (Ochotona curzoniae) Presence and Population Control on the Structure of an Alpine Grassland Bird Community

China’s Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) is an important area for bird conservation, with many endemic and Threatened species. Colonial burrowing mammals play an important role in structuring bird communities in arid grasslands around the world. On the QTP, the plateau pika Ocho tona curzoniae builds colonies which provide a dense source of resources for many bird species. However, pikas are regarded as a pest by local pastoralists, and they are the target of a population reduction campaign which could have a significant impact on the bird communities. We surveyed bird communities at Gansu Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve to investigate the differences in community structure between sites with pika colonies (on colony) and sites without them (off colony), and between pika colonies which had been poisoned and those which had not. Using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) combined with permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, we found that there was no significant difference in bird community composition or abundance between the poisoned and untreated colonies. However, there was a very large and statistically significant difference in bird community structures between on- and off-colony sites. Only horned lark Eremophila alpestris was consistently observed at sites without pika colonies, while ten bird species were observed on colonies. Six species were significantly more abundant on colony than off. While we could not claim that the poisoning campaign at Yanchiwan is altering bird communities, the presence of pika colonies seems to be an indispensable resource for the resident birds.