感官形容词词义演变分析

词作为语言的一个基本单位 ,其语义总是不断变化的。从通感的角度出发 ,探讨影响感官形容词词义转移的因素 ,针对文化差异导致了感官形容词词义转移的不一致现象 ,指出人类的生理学共性在英汉感官形容词词义转移上的相似之处 ,为跨文化交际过程中理解感官形容词的派生意义提供了思路。     

荒漠地区两种生态型芦苇叶片的抗氧化生理特性分析

以生长于腾格里沙漠南缘的沙丘芦苇（沙芦,DR）和戈壁盐湖芦苇（盐芦,GSR）为研究对象,以水生芦苇（SR）为对照材料,研究荒漠地区两种生态型芦苇在各自自然生境下改变体内还原状态的抗氧化机制。结果表明,沙芦和盐芦的脂质过氧化水平高于水芦,过氧化氢和一氧化氮含量也高,类胡萝卜素与叶绿素的比率增加,且盐芦高于沙芦。这表明沙芦和盐芦的体内氧化水平高于水芦,盐芦的氧化程度更高。抗氧化系统酶活性的响应分析表明,沙芦和盐芦叶片中总抗氧化能力大于水芦,超氧化物歧化酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和一氧化氮合酶活性也高于水芦,但过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶活性没有明显的差异,而过氧化物酶活性却比水芦低。与质膜渗透调节能力相关的Na+/K+-ATP酶和Ca2+/Mg2+-ATP酶活性在盐芦中明显高于沙芦和水芦。这表明芦苇在干旱和盐渍条件下忍受诱导的次级氧化胁迫的能力提高。     

人工培育条件下鲻鱼早期发育的生理生态研究

研究了在人工条件下,鲻鱼MugilcephalusLinnaeus幼体各部分形态、器官的发育时间、行为、营养和变态特点,划分了发育期。仔鱼在生长过程常因畸形、损伤和消化不良而死亡;生长差异则存在于整个发育期,并且差异随时间延长而增大。同时,对鲻鱼早期发育的生物学特点、疾病、变态危险期和生长差异等进行了讨论,指出鲻鱼与环境和饲育条件之间的生态生理关系,以及这种关系对鲻鱼生长和存活的影响。     

Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC): An Overview on Emission, Physiology and Ecology

This overview compiles the actual knowledge of the biogenic emissions of some volatile organic compounds (VOCs), i.e., isoprene, terpenes, alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, esters, carbonyls, and acids. We discuss VOC biosynthesis, emission inventories, relations between emission and plant physiology as well as temperature and radiation, and ecophysiological functions. For isoprene and monoterpenes, an extended summary of standard emission factors, with data related to the plant genus and species, is included. The data compilation shows that we have quite a substantial knowledge of the emission of isoprene and monoterpenes, including emission rates, emission regulation, and biosynthesis. The situation is worse in the case of numerous other compounds (other VOCs or OVOCs) being emitted by the biosphere. This is reflected in the insufficient knowledge of emission rates and biological functions. Except for the terpenoids, only a limited number of studies of OVOCs are available; data are summarized for alkanes, alkenes, carbonyls, alcohols, acids, and esters. In addition to closing these gaps of knowledge, one of the major objectives for future VOC research is improving our knowledge of the fate of organic carbon in the atmosphere, ending up in oxidation products and/or as aerosol particles.     

风沙流对植物生长影响的研究

在中国乃至全球，风沙活动都十分频繁，它直接影响着风沙地区植物资源的可持续利用与发展，因此，研究风沙流对植物生长的影响十分必要。以往，相关的研究主要是围绕沙漠逆境的综合条件（如降水、温度、湿度、土壤水分、养分等综合因子）进行的，研究内容涉及植物的生理、生化、物质代谢以及生态适应性等。但国内外就风沙流单因子对植物生理生化影响的研究还没有深入展开，为此，作者利用野外风洞条件，就不同风况下的风沙胁迫对某些植物生长特征的影响进行了实验研究；结果表明：风沙流胁迫可使植物的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Cs）、叶温（Tl）、叶片水势（Wp）降低，使蒸腾速率（Tr）升高；且风速越大，吹风间隔越短，这些参数变幅越大；风沙流比净风的影响更大。风沙流能降低试验植物的水分利用率，进而增加植物的干燥作用；同时可使脯氨酸含量增加。由于风沙流运动和植物的复杂多样性，因此这个研究领域还有许多问题需要探索。     

Microprocessor systems as an aid to estuarine studies in the laboratory

Three systems are outlined which indicate the potential of microprocessor systems as control devices in the generation of specifically varying environmental mental conditions. The use of an RCA 1802 Cosmac microprocessor to generate salinity cycles, tidal cycles and temperature cycles is described.     

Biogeographic variability in the physiological response of the cold‐water coral Lophelia pertusa to ocean acidification

While ocean acidification is a global issue, the severity of ecosystem effects is likely to vary considerably at regional scales. The lack of understanding of how biogeographically separated populations will respond to acidification hampers our ability to predict the future of vital ecosystems. Cold‐water corals are important drivers of biodiversity in ocean basins across the world and are considered one of the most vulnerable ecosystems to ocean acidification. We tested the short‐term physiological response of the cold‐water coral Lophelia pertusa to three pH treatments (pH = 7.9, 7.75 and 7.6) for Gulf of Mexico (USA) and Tisler Reef (Norway) populations, and found that reductions in seawater pH elicited contrasting responses. Gulf of Mexico corals exhibited reductions in net calcification, respiration and prey capture rates with decreasing pH. In contrast, Tisler Reef corals showed only slight reductions in net calcification rates under decreased pH conditions while significantly elevating respiration and capture rates. These differences are likely the result of environmental differences (depth, pH, food supply) between the two regions, invoking the potential for local adaptation or acclimatization to alter their response to global change. However, it is also possible that variations in the methodology used in the experiments contributed to the observed differences. Regardless, these results provide insights into the resilience of L. pertusa to ocean acidification as well as the potential influence of regional differences on the viability of species in future oceans.     

The influence of hypo‐osmotic stress on the regenerative capacity of the invasive polychaete Marenzelleria viridis from its native range

The euryhaline polychaete Marenzelleria viridis is a notorious invader of the Baltic region and while many studies have focused on the effects of osmotic stress on larval development of the species, few have assessed its effect on adult specimens. This study investigated the effects of low salinity on the physiology of M. viridis by using its regenerative capacity as a proxy for physiologic performance. Specimens were collected in spring 2015 on sandy flats in Hempstead Bay (Long Island, New York), a site that falls within its native range. Worms were ablated between the 14th and 20th chaetigers and cultured at five different salinity treatments (24psu, 15psu, 10psu, 5psu and 0psu) that reflected the broad salinity regimes of its distributional range. Data for anterior regeneration were analysed and presented. Morphogenesis during anterior regeneration was characterized by the formation of a blastema from which the major anatomic structures emerged. All specimens cultured at 5–24psu successfully completed regeneration whereas 75% of specimens cultured at 0psu died and the survivors were unable to proceed beyond the blastema stage. Salinity did not have an effect on regeneration time (14.5–15.1 days) but did have an effect on the percentage of chaetigers regenerated (lowest – 77% at 5psu, highest – 97.5% at 15‰). The post‐regeneration phase was characterized by variability in pigmentation patterns in the regenerated anterior structures, which appear to be independent of salinity treatments. In conclusion, adult M. viridis appears to exhibit high tolerance to low salinity environments, which may have been inherited from its larval stages. In addition, the different pigmentation patterns observed in regenerated structures may allude to the variability of this feature in spionids.     

兰州九州台四种绿化树种抗旱性机理比较研究

在不同土壤水分条件下对兰州市九州台四种绿化树种柠条(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)、沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)、沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus Cheng f.)和刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)的多项抗旱性生理指标进行了测定,结果表明: ①在不同土壤水分条件下柠条和沙枣的水分饱和亏、束缚水、束缚水/自由水比值、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量均高于沙冬青和刺槐,而水势较低。②沙枣一日内的蒸腾速率、气孔导度低于其他三种树种,水分利用率高于其他三种树种。(3)用隶属函数法对四种树种的水分生理参数进行综合评价,结果表明柠条的抗旱性最强,其次为沙枣,沙冬青,刺槐最小。     

南极考察队员四项生理指标变化的观察

本文观察了中国南极中山站越冬队员在不同季节的血压、心率、体温和体重的变化,结果表明：在极夜期间,平均收缩压低于对照和回国后的测量值;而舒张压则在极昼时高于回国后的水平;从早晨到夜间（无论极夜或极昼）血压呈逐渐升高的节律性变化。不同季节所测心率的平均值全部低于对照值,在极夜期间降到了全年的最低水平;心率在一天内的变化趋势与血压有很大的相似性。越冬队员体温的变化均低于对照值,但未达到显著的水平;就一天内不同时相而言,早晨的体温均低于其他时相。在中山站,越冬队员每月平均体重与对照值相比均有增加。上述各项生理指标变化的原因有待进一步研究。这些观察与研究为了解人体在极端环境中适应性生理功能的变化提供了基础数据。