模拟酸雨对东北地区农作物生长、生理及品质的影响

通过模拟试验,研究不同pH模拟酸雨胁迫对农作物(小白菜)生长、生理及品质的影响,量化不同pH酸雨对小白菜的影响程度。试验结果表明:小白菜植株受害与pH密切相关,酸性越强,胁迫影响越显著,受害程度越重。随着酸雨酸性增强,小白菜生长受抑,生物量、株高等明显降低,食部鲜质量、干质量受影响程度比根部鲜质量、干质量大。在酸雨胁迫下,小白菜游离氨基酸总量、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和维生素C含量均出现不同程度的降低,且酸性越强,受影响幅度越大,弱酸条件下可在一定程度上促进营养物质的合成。酸雨可抑制叶绿素类与类胡萝卜素合成,影响光合作用,最终导致产量降低、品质下降。     

Godzilla from a Zoological Perspective

The 1998 TriStar movie Godzilla proved to be a major blockbuster, although not the financial success that was initially anticipated and movie critics have been rather unforgiving. Apart from a radically different external morphology compared to the classic Japanese movie monster, the new Godzilla character apparently was made different from the old version on a number of key points to make him more biologically probable. However, calculations show that his limbs and limb muscles must have been severely undersized to move his huge bulk around at even a leisurely pace, and most other biological problems with the old Godzilla, e.g., growth rates and reptilian physiology at such a massive size, have remained unaltered. The old Godzilla was actually the more plausible from a biomechanical point of view.     

环境植物生理学定量研究的若干进展

环境植物生理学有关植物水分关系、蒸腾作用、光合作用、气孔调节以及水分利用等方面的定量研究取得了较大进展，对干旱地区植物水分平衡、干旱适应性等研究有指导意义和应用价值，也可为植物与环境变化关系、ＳＰＡＣ水分传输等研究提供依据     

俄国鱼类行为与感觉（Ⅱ）

本文简述俄国鱼类感觉生理研究基本方向与结果。介绍感觉系统结构与功能特点及其在各行为类型中的作用，不同生态类型、不同进化位置、不同年龄、不同动力状态鱼类感觉器官的形态特点。     

Environmental influence on phytoplankton production during summer on the KwaZulu-Natal shelf of the Agulhas ecosystem

During February 2010, studies of primary production (PP) and physiology were conducted at five selected sites in the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Bight of the Agulhas ecosystem as part of a programme to elucidate the influence of major physical driving forces and nutrient inputs on the structure and functioning of biological communities. These sites were located in the vicinity of the Durban lee eddy, in the midshelf region of the central part of the bight, off the Thukela Mouth, and to the north and south of Richards Bay. At four of the sites, chlorophyll a ranged from 0.10 to 1.44?mg m–3 and integrated PP ranged between 0.35 and 2.58?g C m–² d–1. The highest biomass and PP, which were comparable to those observed in a wind-driven upwelling system, were associated with a diatom community observed at the midshelf site, and varied between 0.26 and 4.27?mg m–³ and 7.22 and 9.89?g C m–² d–1, respectively. Environmental conditions at each of the sites differed substantially and appeared to be influential in initiating and controlling the development and distribution of phytoplankton biomass and production. Phytoplankton adaptation to variable environmental conditions was characterised by a decreased light-limited slope (αB) and increased rate of photosynthesis (P_m ) and light saturation (Ek) with elevated temperatures. The converse (increased α^B and decreased P_m and Ek) was observed as irradiance levels declined. Generalised additive models indicated that irradiance, temperature and biomass were important variables influencing photosynthetic parameters and photosynthetic rates.     

直流电场对沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)生长的影响

沉水植物对维持湖泊生态系统平衡有重要作用,广泛应用在水体和沉积物污染修复领域.利用电场强化沉水植物修复过程是一种新的植物修复强化方法.本文研究了不同电压强度作用下沉水植物苦草的生长和生理响应,以期为应用电场强化沉水植物修复过程提供依据.结果表明:0.2~1.0 V电压可以促进苦草生长,而1.5~3.0 V电压则会抑制其生长.其中,0.5 V电压对苦草生长的促进效果最明显,生物量、平均株高、平均叶长、根尖数、新芽数和总叶绿素含量都比对照组显著增加;而3.0 V电压处理组的苦草在实验结束时出现萎蔫和凋亡,与对照组相比,叶绿素含量显著降低,丙二醛含量则极显著增加,表明苦草生长受到严重胁迫.系统上覆水的温度在不同处理组之间没有显著变化,上覆水的p H值在电压为1.0、1.5和3.0 V时显著下降,最终接近中性,上覆水的溶解氧浓度只在3.0 V电压处理组时表现显著下降;沉积物表层5 cm处的氧化还原电位随着电压增大显著下降,最终对苦草的生长形成胁迫.因此,本实验的结论是:0.2~1.0 V电压有助于沉水植物苦草的生长和强化植物修复过程,而1.5~3.0 V电压会破坏苦草组织,同时导致苦草生境变差,不利于沉水植物苦草的生长.     

Eco‐physiological repercussions of dietary arachidonic acid in cell membranes of active tissues of the Gray whale

The radiation of the mammalian land species that became the baleen whales happened about 27–34 Mya. Mammals require omega 6 fatty acids for reproduction. With this long exposure to the omega 3‐rich marine food chain, the Gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) might be expected to have lost its requirement for omega 6 fatty acids. We report an unexpectedly high content of omega 6 arachidonic acid (ArA) in the Gray whale liver and muscle lipids. This whale migrates 10,000 km from the cold polar, omega 3 oil‐rich food chain to that of the breeding lagoons of the tropical waters. The food web of tropical waters is a source of omega 6 fatty acids, which are hardly present in the cold polar food web. We suggest the reason for this longest of migrations from cold to warm waters is to meet the requirement for omega 6 fatty acids for mammalian reproduction and brain growth. This extreme conservation of omega 6 fatty acids in Gray whale biology has critical implications for mammalian biology and especially for whale conservation.     

藻类的生理生态学研究进展

藻类研究一直是植物学领域研究的一个重点,藻类研究包括诸多方面,而生理生态学研究又是其中的重点。本文从其生理学、生态学和生理生态学三个方面综述近年来藻类的生理生态学研究,并指出其发展方向。     

Seasonal differences in the physiology of Carcinus maenas (Crustacea: Decapoda) from estuaries with varying levels of anthropogenic contamination

This study reports the seasonal variability in aspects of the physiology of the shore crab Carcinus maenas from three estuaries in South-west England, each with varying anthropogenic inputs: Avon Estuary (‘relatively low’ impact), Yealm Estuary (‘intermediate’ impact) and Plym Estuary (‘relatively high’ impact). Crabs collected over 12 months from the Avon had a significantly ‘lower’ physiological condition in winter and spring compared to summer and autumn; in particular, haemocyte phagocytic capability (a general indicator of immune function) was significantly higher in winter and spring compared to summer and autumn, and total haemolymph antioxidant status (an indicator of oxidative stress) was significantly lower in winter compared to the remainder of the year. Potentially, shore crabs may be more susceptible to the effects of contaminant exposure, such as increased immunotoxicity (thus, reduction of immune function) and/or oxyradicals (or reactive oxygen species) exposure) especially in seasons of increased susceptibility i.e. summer/autumn (lower phagocytic capability) and winter (lowest antioxidant function). As the Avon was taken to represent the ‘reference’ site, this pattern is considered to reflect the ‘normal’ seasonal variability in shore crab physiology. Shore crab physiological condition from the ‘relatively high’ impact estuary (Plym) revealed increased cellular viability and antioxidant status in autumn and winter compared with that of the ‘standard’ pattern (Avon) However, crabs from the intermediate impact estuary (Yealm) only demonstrated significant physiological differences in summer as shown by a lower cellular viability. All crabs had been exposed to PAHs (confirmed by the presence of PAH metabolites in their urine) which may account for the observed differences in shore crab physiology. In conclusion, to aid understanding of the potential contaminant impacts on biota it is imperative that the ’normal’ seasonal variability of physiological condition be established. Biological effects-based monitoring studies should therefore be employed seasonally to potentially highlight ‘windows of sensitivity’ to contaminant impact.