Isotopic and trace-element indications of lithospheric and asthenospheric components in Tertiary alkalic basalts, northeastern Brazil

Plate reconstructions at 30 Ma place northeastern Brazil over the Fernando de Noronha hotspot, presently 250 km offshore northeastern Brazil. Tertiary basaltic centers in northeastern Brazil may therefore be products of the Fernando de Noronha hotspot. We examined alkalic basalt from seven 30–13 Ma old centers in Rio Grande do Norte and Pernambuco states to assess this possible link. Compositions are primitive, where MgO concentrations range from 12.5 to 17 wt.%, and SiO₂ from 41 to 48 wt.%. Trace-element abundances and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic compositions compare well with those of ocean island basalt: =0.7038–0.7051, =0.51266–0.51280, and =18.52–19.35. There are correlations among SiO₂-undersaturation, incompatible-element abundances, relative percentages of partial melting (based on La/Yb and La/Y ratios), and the degree of isotopic ‘enrichment' inherited from mantle sources. There is also a negative correlation for La/Nb (0.6–0.86) vs. Ba/Nb (6.6–10.6), where lower La/Nb samples represent larger percentages of melting of a source comparatively enriched in radiogenic Sr. We attribute these compositional relationships to the lavas representing mixing of melts mainly from asthenosphere of largely HIMU plus DM characterization, probably the Fernando de Noronha plume, with melts from subcontinental lithosphere that was isotopically closer to EM1. Isotopic and trace-element compositions of the northeastern Brazil basalts are generally similar to those of Fernando de Noronha lavas (12–2 Ma), and some minor trace-element differences observed (e.g., more Zr, Nb, and less Th compared to northeastern Brazil basalts) are probably due to heterogeneity within the asthenospheric plume and to melt contributions from delaminated subcontinental lithosphere that may underlie Fernando de Noronha.     

STUDY ON SST IN THE NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC OCEAN WITH SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS

On the basis of extracting the clear brightness temperature in GMS-4 infrared data,the testshave been carried out by using three methods for SST retrieval in the northwestern Pacific Ocean inAugust 1993.Considering error amplification is the inherent feature in the single channel physicalmethod,two statistical methods are developed.One is a single channel method.Its precision is1.186℃,which is superior to that of other similar methods.The other is a multi-channel methodusing both TOVS and GMS-4 data.Its precision is 1.061℃,which is matched with that of othercurrent multi-channel statistical methods(0.5—1.36℃).The retrieval SST distributions obtainedby the two methods are in good agreement with conventional observations.     

湖北英山刚玉矿物学研究

湖北英山刚玉矿床是本世纪五、六十年代发现的,由于多种原因未能对其进行研究和开发利用。本文系统地研究了英山刚玉矿物学特征,测定了各种物性和参数,观测了刚玉包裹体;并利用电子探针、粉晶Ｘ射线分析、可见光谱等现代测试手段,较详细地分析了刚玉的化学成分、晶体结构及光谱特征,并进行了热处理实验研究。指出湖北英山产出的刚玉颗粒大,晶形好,颜色较浅,可用热处理的方法改成蓝色、黄色、肉红色,但由于裂隙发育,包裹体     

Physical Modelling and Human Survival in Pyroclastic Flows

Volcanic eruptions increasingly present catastrophic natural risks with hundreds of millions of people now living in areas of active volcanism and major conurbations around active eruptive centres. Interdisciplinary studies in disaster reduction have an important role in volcanic emergency management through advancing our understanding of the physical impacts of eruptive phenomena and the causes of death and injury in explosive eruptions. Numerical modelling of pyroclastic flows, amongst the most destructive of eruptive phenomena, provides new opportunities to improve the evaluation of the potential destructiveness of volcanic events and their human impacts in densely populated areas. In this work, the results of numerical modelling of pyroclastic flow propagation at Vesuvius have been analysed in terms of the physical parameters (temperature, ash in air concentration, and dynamic pressure) that are most critical for human survival. Our numerical simulations of eruptions of Vesuvius indicate that a large area exists where total destruction may not be inevitable in small to medium scale events, a finding that has prompted us to explore further the implications for human survival as part of an interdisciplinary approach to disaster reduction. The lessons of modelling at Vesuvius should be integrated into civil protection plans for other urban centres threatened by volcanoes.     

北极夏季浮冰的物理特征及气-冰交换(英)

The flux of sensible heat (SH) and momentum (FM), drag coefficient of momentum (Cm), roughness length of momentum (Zom) and Richardson number (Ri) on the icefloe in Arctic(80°10. 8' N, 30°0. 5' E) were calculated by means of the gradient method of turbulent diffusion theory fromthe data of air/ice exchange on the icefloe with different area and different locations on a same ice floe in August, 1991, which were performed by the scientists from Institute of Geophysics, University of Bergen, Norway and Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.The results show that firstly the quantity of icefloes area is associated with the sensible heat flux and the roughness length of momentum, which seems the smaller area of icefloes, the bigger sensible heat flux and roughness length of momentum ; secondly, the location of measuring stations is also in relation to be exchange of air/ice on a same icefloe, which seems the nearer the boundary between sea water and icefloes, the stronger exchange of air/ice.As our measuring period was only one week and two different area icefloes were only selected, the above results can not be the final conclusions. However, while these results can be the final conclusions from longer period data on the more different area icefloes, they should provide some effective parameters for modeling experiment on the air-sea-ice exchange.     

隐伏地质异常地表间接显示的物理模拟实验

用物理模拟方法研究隐伏地质异常地表间接显示机理,探讨隐伏线性构造在挤压条件下的表面特征,在后期构造作用下,表面线性体破裂变形模式包含了 隐伏地质异常的成因信息,可以通过地和学分析方法提取和识别。     

合肥地区超压密粉土-砂层的性状与地基评价

本文论述了合肥地区超压密粉土—砂层的分布及其物理力这性质。通过多种方法计算对比,综合确定了地基承载力与桩的端阻力。认为可以作为中高层建筑的桩基或箱（筏）基持力层。并对地层时代归属作了探讨。     

Lake Winnipeg sediment physical properties: interpretation, composite stratigraphic sections and calibration of acoustic reflection profiles

High resolution sediment physical properties, measured on gravity and piston cores collected during cruises to Lake Winnipeg, include bulk density, acoustic velocity, magnetic susceptibility, shear strength and colour reflectance. The high resolution data are used here to construct complete stratigraphic (composite) sections of Lake Winnipeg sediments from a series of individual, discontinuous cores for the North and South Basins. These composite sections are used to evaluate basin-wide glacial and post-glacial depositional histories and to compare the northern and southern basin histories. In addition, these sections provide a baseline depth reference for interpretation of the biostratigraphy, paleomagnetic record and rock magnetic stratigraphy. Some of the data (density and shear strength) are also be used to estimate sediment stress history for the two major lithostratigraphic units and their variations across the basin.     

综合自然地理研究有关问题的探讨

该文从进一步完善综合自然地理研究的角度出发,就与综合自然地理研究有关的几个问题如综合自然地理学的研究对象,综合研究的内涵,区域综合研究以及综合自然地理研究成果的应用作了剖析.     

一种测试岩石拉伸和压缩弹性模量的方法

介绍一种利用同一试件,在一次加载过程中就可获得岩石试件的拉伸和压缩弹性模量的方法,并对几种花岗岩进行了初步的测试研究,测试结果证明这种测试方法是可行的。