光环境下Irgarol 1051与紫外辐射对不同粒径硅藻光系统Ⅱ的耦合效应

Irgarol 1051是一种常见的船舶防污剂,主要作用于光系统Ⅱ来抑制藻类在船舶表面的生长.本研究通过模拟原位海洋环境,在考虑阳光紫外辐射的基础上,于室外培养了3种不同粒径的硅藻,光系统Ⅱ初始光化学效率QY均介于0.60～0.70,表明藻细胞活性良好.在短期实验中加入Irgarol后,发现较低质量浓度(0.2μg/L...     

典型水生植物对岩溶水生生态系统无机碳稳定性影响研究

碳循环研究是全球变化科学中的研究重点, 其平衡问题已成为全球变化与地球科学领域的研究前沿和热点。“遗失汇”是全球碳收支研究的重点, 寻找和揭示其存在机理对研究全球碳循环具有重要意义。在全球碳循环研究中, 仅考虑海洋碳库和陆地生态系统碳库对全球碳循环的贡献, 然并未对地球岩石圈中碳酸盐岩碳库作充分评估。以袁道先院士为首的研究团队, 利用石灰岩溶蚀试片法(Carbonate-rock-tablet-test method)、水化学法(Hydrogen-discharge method)和扩散边界法(Diffusion Boundary Layer Model, DBL)首次估算了全球每年因碳酸盐岩溶蚀作用产生的碳汇量其约占当前碳循环模型中“遗失汇”的约1/3。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE INFLUENCE OFO3,CO2 AND SPECTRUM VARIATION ON THE PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF CROP CANOPY*

Coupled the photosynthesis with transpiration and adjustment of stoma,a dynamic ecological model for simulating the canopy photosynthesis of winter wheat was established by scaling up from the biochemical scale to canopy scale,in which the effects of O₃,CO₂ and solar spectrum on crop photosynthesis were fully considered.Validation of the model against the data measured with CI-301PS portable photosynthesis analyzer showed that the leaf photosynthesis model passed the correlation significance test and had a fairly high accuracy.Numerical analysis showed that the canopy photosynthesis rate would be reduced by 29% if the O₃ concentration increases from 0 ppbv to 200 ppbv,whereas the canopy photosynthesis rate would increase by about 37% while the CO₂ concentration increases from 330 ppmv to 660 ppmv,and the canopy photosynthesis rate would be reduced by 27%0 or so under the condition that the spectrum coefficient changed from 0.5 to 0.4.If the O₃ concentration reached 200 ppbv at noon on the typical sunny day with higher radiation,the canopy photosynthesis will be reduced slightly in the suburb area where the pollution is serious and the photochemical fog is easy to be formed,contrast with that in the clear region and regardless of the climate change,due to the fact that the positive effect of CO₂ on crop photosynthesis can not compensate the negative effect of O₃ on crop photosynthesis.The canopy photosynthesis will be reduced by 35% or so than the BASE value at present,when the spectrum of photosynthetic active radiation(PAR) reduces to 0.4 or so.     

Changes in palaeoenvironmental conditions during deposition of the Permian Kupferschiefer (Lower Rhine Basin, northwest Germany) inferred from molecular and isotopic compositions of biomarker components

Biomarker distributions based on GC and GC-MS data supplemented by stable carbon isotopic compositions based on irm (isotope ratio monitoring) GC-MS data have been used to investigate changes in depositional conditions in a number of samples from a 2 m core (Rheinberger Heide) covering the entire deposition of the Permian Kupferschiefer (Lower Rhine Basin, northwest Germany). Compound classes investigated are aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and maleimides (1H-pyrrole-2,5-diones). The core has been previously divided into four sections: TI, TIIA, TIIB and TIII based on lithology. The biomarker distributions and the δ¹³C values of components indicate contributions from cyanobacteria, algae, green sulphur bacteria and higher plants (minor) throughout Kupferschiefer deposition. All of the phytoplanktonic components show ¹³C enrichment in the lowest section, suggesting a greater productivity. The occurrence of components derived from green sulphur bacteria (Chlorobiaceae) indicates that the entire deposition was characterised by periods of photic zone anoxia. Such conditions were rapidly established after the initial transgression of the Zechstein Sea and may have been productivity-driven, but were less prevalent during deposition of the upper core sections.     

利用夫琅和费暗线探测自然光条件下的植被光合作用荧光研究

自然光照条件下测定的植被反射的辐照度光谱既包括太阳光诱导荧光的发射光谱，又包括叶片对入射光的反射光谱，研究如何从冠层光谱中提取荧光光谱有十分重要的应用价值。首先，论文介绍了夫琅和费暗线探测自然光条件下的光合作用荧光的基本原理和方法。其次，将太阳大气的夫琅和费暗线拓展到地球大气，发现地物光谱仪测定的冠层辐照度光谱中688nm和760nm两个氧气吸收形成的夫琅和费暗线特征明显，且荧光较强，所以利用这两个波段的夫琅和费暗线可以探测自然光条件下的光合作用荧光。第三，研究并分析了夫琅和费暗线方法计算的688nm和760nm波段的荧光特性，结果表明该方法计算的荧光是可靠的，它与光合有效辐射（PAR）关系密切，复相关系数达到了0．9；冬小麦冠层荧光光谱在760nm和688nm波段的荧光大小基本相等，而地锦冠层荧光光谱在688nm波段的荧光强度是760nm的3倍左右，表明荧光光谱能够更加敏感地反映植被物种或生理生化状况的差别。最后，将夫琅和费暗线方法计算的688nm和760nm波段的荧光数据与激光脉冲调制荧光仪测定Fv／Fm荧光参数进行了统计分析，结果表明它与Fv／Fm存在极显著的负相关关系。所以利用夫琅和费暗线方法能够探测植被冠层荧光，并有可能替代传统的测定方法，并推广到航空航天平台，实现荧光探测从接触式点测量方式到航空或卫星遥感大面积监测的技术飞越。     

Photosynthetic characteristics of dominant tree species and canopy in the broadleaved Korean pine forest of Changbai Mountains

Based on the light-photosynthesis response measurement at leaf level, combined with over- and under-canopy eddy covariance measurements, research on photosynthetic characteristics of single trees and forest canopy was conducted. The relationship between light intensity and photo-synthetic rates for leaves and canopy can be well fitted by a non-rectangular hyperbola model. Mongolian oak presented a high light compensation point, Lcp (28μmol·m-2·s-1), a light saturation point Lsp (>1800μmol·m-2·s-1), and a maximal net photosynthetic rate Pmax (9.96μmol·m-2·s-1), which suggest that it is a typical heliophilous plant. Mono maple presented the highest apparent quantum efficiencyα(0.066) but the lowest, Lcp (16μmol·m-2·s-1), Lsp (=800μmol·m-2·s-1), and Pmax (4.51μmol·m-2·s-1), which suggest that it is heliophilous plant. Korean pine showed the lowestαvalue but a higher Pmax, which suggest that it is a semi-heliophilous plant. At the canopy level, the values of both or and Pmax approached the upper limit of reported values in temperate forests, while Lcp was within the lower limit. Canopy photosynthetic characteristics were well consistent with those of leaves. Both showed a high ability to photosynthesize. However, environmental stresses, especially high vapor pressure deficits, could significantly reduce the photosynthetic ability of leaves and canopy.     

Natural mineral photoelectric effect: mineral non-classical photosynthesis

Under the ever-present solar radiation, photosynthetic organisms on Earth evolved structurally-sophisticated photosynthetic systems. However, little attention has been paid to the inherent impact of sunlight illumination on the inorganic minerals widespread on the Earth surface. We discovered for the first time the solar energy conversion system of the “mineral coatings” on the Earth's surface (aka“mineral membrane”), which exerts potential oxygen-production and carbon-sequestration functions on the Earth surface. Our finding shed a light on the photoelectric effect and non-classical photosynthesis involving natural semiconducting minerals. In this contribution, we studied the semiconducting property and photoelectron energy of typical minerals in the “mineral membrane”, focusing primarily on the photoelectric effect in and oxygen-production/carbon-sequestration function of ferromanganese oxides, as well as relevant geological records. We propose that birnessite, goethite and hematite, the semiconducting minerals commonly found in the “mineral membrane”, can perform sensitive and stable photon-to-electron conversion under solar radiation. The non-classical mineral photosynthetic function we put forth is as follows: Solar energy utilization by inorganic minerals resembles photosynthesis in regarding to oxygen evolution and carbon fixing, and the “mineral membrane” may take part in both photocatalytic water-oxidation reaction and transformation of atmospheric CO₂into marine carbonate. In addition, minerals might as well have promoted photosynthesis in photosynthetic organisms. During the water-oxidation reaction, the inorganic cluster Mn₄CaO₅of photosystem II cycles through redox intermediates that are analogous to birnessite both in structure and component. Thus, it is fair to postulate that birnessites could play a role in the initiation of the photosynthesis in cyanobacteria, as minerals could weaken the hydrogen bond strength and alter water properties, thus facilitating water oxidation and photosynthesis. This observation offers further insights into the molecular mechanism of mineral participation in photosynthesis in photosynthetic organisms.     

土壤逐渐干旱对4种荒漠植物光合作用和海藻糖含量的影响

以腾格里沙漠东南缘4种优势植物红砂(Reaumuria soongorica Maxim)、珍珠(Salsola passerina Bge)、柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom)和油蒿(Artemisia ordosica Krasch)为对象,研究土壤逐渐干旱对叶片相对含水量、净光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素荧光参数及海藻糖含量的影响。结果表明:土壤逐渐干旱过程中,4种植物的叶片相对含水量、净光合速率(Pn)、光系统II(PSⅡ)最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm) 、光系统II表观电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学淬灭(qP)都随干旱程度的加剧而下降;非光化学淬灭(qN)和海藻糖含量随干旱程度的增加而升高。4种植物对干旱过程的响应差异明显,随着土壤干旱的加剧,相对于其他三种植物,柠条具有更高的抗逆保护能力。相关分析表明,土壤含水量显著影响着4种植物的光合作用和海藻糖累积,海藻糖含量与光合作用存在相关性。     

一种底栖蓝藻(Tolypothrixsp.)的光合效率测定

底栖蓝藻是一些底栖动物如介形虫的良好食物,在自然状态下呈丝状,但经室内培养后会形成很大的且难以分开的球形群体。本研究着眼于这种蓝藻在室内培养条件下的光合效率的测定,运用同位素＾１４Ｃ方法和黑白瓶测氧法对不同光照强度和温度下它的光合效率和呼吸率进行对比测定。     

Comparison of Phytoplankton Communities Between Melt Ponds and Open Water in the Central Arctic Ocean

Climate warming has a significant impact on the sea ice and ecosystem of the Arctic Ocean.Under the increasing numbers of melt ponds in Arctic sea ice,the phytoplankton communities associated with the ice system are changing.During the 7th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition cruise in summer 2016,photosynthesis pigments and nutrients were analyzed,revealing differences in phytoplankton communities between melt ponds and open water in the central Arctic.Photosynthetic pigment analysis suggested that Fuco(5-91μg m^-3)and Diadino(4-21μg m^-3)were the main pigments in the open water.However,the melt ponds had high concentrations of Viola(7-30μg m^-3),Lut(4-59μg m^-3)and Chl b(11-38μg m^-3),suggesting that green algae dominated phytoplankton communities in the melt ponds.The significant differences in phytoplankton communities between melt ponds and open water might be due to the salinity difference.Moreover,green algae may play a more important role in Arctic sea ice ecosystems with the expected growing number of melt ponds in the central Arctic Ocean.