临安秋季近地层非甲烷碳氢化合物特征

应用浙江临安1999年秋季非甲烷碳氢化合物(NMHC)观测数据,分析了NMHC特征,并估计其对该地O3的影响.该地NMHC芳香烃含量最高为47.9%,其次为:烷烃29.1%,烯烃12.7%,炔烃8.2%,生物排放的烃2.1%.从各NMHC成份相关分析发现,NMHC主要排放源是该地生物物质(柴草、秸秆、农业废弃物)焚烧,存在未知芳香烃人为源的可能.丙烯等量浓度分析表明,芳香烃、CO、生物源烃和烯烃对该地O3均有重要贡献.观测和模式分析显示本次观测的O3处于NMHC控制区.     

海水中无机物的光化学反应

综述了近几十年来国内外关于海水中无机物的光化学反应的研究状况。首先,阐述了海洋光化学在海洋科学中的重要性,历年来的发展状况以及海水的光化学与其它相关领域之间的相互影响作用。其次,本文分别从阴离子的光化学反应,阳离子的光化学反应和过氧化氢的光化学反应三个方面对海水中无机物的光化学反应进行了论述,详细介绍了铁、锰、铜、汞、过氧化氢、硝酸盐和碘化物随反应介质、温度、酸碱度、有机物浓度和光照等外界因素的不同而发生的光化学反应的变化。另外,讨论了上述物质发生光化学反应的主控因素及其在反应过程中对周围环境的影响作用,并对部分物质的反应机理作了介绍。最后,本文指出了这一研究领域存在的问题和不足,并提出今后的研究建议。     

水体中有色可溶性有机物的研究进展

有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)是水体中一类重要的光吸收物质,在短波的吸收大大降低了紫外辐射在水体的衰减,因而其光学行为和生物地球化学循环将对水体生态系统产生重要影响。CDOM在水体生态系统、水色遥感和全球碳循环研究中具有广阔的应用前景。文章综述了国内外CDOM研究现状与动态,其中包括CDOM的光吸收特性、荧光特性、光化学降解以及CDOM和DOC浓度的水色遥感,最后提出在内陆水体湖泊中开展CDOM研究的设想。     

低温、干旱胁迫对抽雄期玉米叶片光化效率和光合作用速率的影响

在人工模拟低温、干旱条件下,测定了抽雄期玉米叶片荧光参数（Fo、Fm、Fv／Fm）及光合作用速率。其结果表明：低温、干旱均使光化效率（Fv／Fm）、光合作用速率下降,光化效率与温度的关系：Y=0．002X^2-0．0055X＋0．8032（式中Y为光化效率,X为温度）。低温使光合作用速率下降,温度由25℃降到15℃,光合速率可下降27．8％。土壤湿度由处理5降到处理1,在不同温度下光化效率可降低1％～8％;光合作用速率最大减幅达80％左右。低温、干旱并发对光化效率和光合作用速率的负效应加大,光化效率降幅增大2．5倍,光合作用速率增大15％左右。光化效率与光合作用速率两者呈显著正相关。     

A Review of Atmospheric Chemistry Research in China: Photochemical Smog, Haze Pollution, and Gas-Aerosol Interactions

In this paper we present a review of atmospheric chemistry research in China over the period 2006-2010, focusing on tropospheric ozone, aerosol chemistry, and the interactions between trace gases and aerosols in the polluted areas of China. Over the past decade, China has suffered severe photochemical smog and haze pollution, especially in North China, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta. Much scientific work on atmospheric chemistry and physics has been done to address this large-scale, complex environmental problem. Intensive field experiments, satellite data analyses, and model simulations have shown that air pollution is significantly changing the chemical and physical characters of the natural atmosphere over these parts of China. In addition to strong emissions of primary pollutants, photochemical and heterogeneous reactions play key roles in the formation of complex pollution. More in-depth research is recommended to reveal the formation mechanism of photochemical smog and haze pollution and their climatic effects at the urban, regional, and global scales.     

TEST OF A PARAMETERIZATION FOR NOCTURNAL OZONE REDUCTION IN THE RESIDUAL LAYER BY DOWNWARD MIXING DURING SUMMER SMOG SITUATIONS

A simple parameterization describing the ozone depletion in thenocturnal residual layer by a parameter related to the mixing potential ofthe boundary layer was tested over homogeneous terrain in EasternGermany, on the basis of continuous SODAR and near-surface ozonemeasurements. For a summer smog episode in July 1994 the proposedrelationship could not be confirmed. This is attributed to the meteorologicaland transport situation as well as to the site-dependent characteristics.     

Construction and characterization of an atmospheric simulation smog chamber

Currently, air pollution in Beijing has become a complex problem with two types of source pollutants： coal smoke and photochemical smog. Furthermore the maximum hourly mean concentration of O3 increases continuously, especially in the summer. In order to simulate the photochemical reaction, develop an air quality simulation model and further improve the air quality of Beijing, a precisely temperature-controlled, indoor, smog chamber facility was designed and constructed at Tsinghua University. Characterization experiments have been carried out to acquire the basic parameters of the smog chamber, such as the wall loss rates of NO2, NO, O3, C3H6 and particulate matter （PM）, the intensity of ultraviolet （UV） light in the chamber, the reactivity of the purified air and the reproducibility of the experimental results. The results indicate that the facility performs up to specifications, and can meet the demands required for simulating the photochemical reaction. The effect of high primary contaminated PM on the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol （SOA） is under investigation.     

河蟹养殖池塘微囊藻水华毒性及其光合作用活性特征

苏州市吴中区一河蟹养殖池塘在2013年7月和8月发生了严重的微囊藻水华.采用单一和双重PCR扩增微囊藻毒素合成酶基因,用以检测微囊藻水华是否产毒,结果显示为阳性.同时,采用高效液相色谱测定微囊藻水华的毒性大小.结果表明:7月和8月微囊藻水华的胞内微囊藻毒素浓度分别为1.49和0.88μg/L,胞外微囊藻毒素的浓度分别为0.75和1.09μg/L.另外,采用浮游植物荧光仪Phyto-PAM测定河蟹养殖水体形成水华的微囊藻的光合作用活性.结果显示:7月和8月水华微囊藻的最大光量子产量Fv/Fm分别为0.48和0.44,实际光量子产量ΦPSII分别为0.38和0.32,表明形成水华的微囊藻有较高的生长潜力.非光化学荧光淬灭值NPQ分别为0.28和0.36.从快速光响应曲线RLC的特征参数来看,7月水华微囊藻的光合作用活性和光能利用效率高于8月.本研究结果表明,河蟹养殖池塘水体受到微囊藻水华和微囊藻毒素的污染,进而可能对河蟹食品安全构成潜在威胁.     

非甲烷碳氢化合物的光化学臭氧生成潜势的数值模拟研究

应用大气光学模式研究了不同ＮＭＨＣ／ＮＯｘ比值时,各ＮＭＨＣ物种的光化学臭氧生成潜势指数（Ｉｐｏｃｐ值）,探讨了在较高ＮＭＨＣ／ＮＯｘ比值时,各ＮＭＨＣ物种Ｉｐｏｃｐ值随时间的变化规律。结果表明：不同结构、种类的ＮＭＨＣ对光化学臭氧贡献有很大差异;各ＮＭＨＣ物种的Ｉｐｏｃｐ值随ＮＭＨＣ／ＮＯｘ比值、,光化学反应的时间尺度变化而系统性地变化。ＮＯｘ烯烃、芳烃和醛类的活性高寿命短,输送距离有限,主要表     

二氧化碳加富与阳光紫外辐射对球形棕囊藻的耦合效应

在含有和滤除紫外(UV)辐射(UVR,280～400 nm)的阳光条件下,向静止、恒温的培养体系中分别充含390×10-6和800×10-6体积CO2的空气,以期探讨CO2浓度升高与阳光UV辐射对球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel)的生理生态学影响.结果显示,该藻对CO2加富和UVR...