城市下垫面空气动力学参数的确定

分析近10年北京325m气象塔常年观测资料,研究城市化发展对城市大气边界层动力学结构和特征的影响.结果表明,空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移总体是逐年递增的.气象塔西南方向的高层建筑群是20世纪90年代初期逐渐建成,在SW方向,空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移在90年代增加明显,增加的幅度1997年和1999年之间较大,这一点与气象塔西南方向城市化的加快相符合.而在NE、SE和NW方向,从1987年到1994年空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移增加明显,1994年以后变化较小.     

New constraints on granulite facies metamorphism and melt production in the Lewisian Complex,northwest Scotland

In this study, we investigate the metamorphic history of the Assynt and Gruinard blocks of the Archean Lewisian Complex, northwest Scotland, which are considered by some to represent discrete crustal terranes. For samples of mafic and intermediate rocks, phase diagrams were constructed in the Na₂O–CaO–K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–TiO₂–O₂ (NCKFMASHTO) system using whole‐rock compositions. Our results indicate that all samples equilibrated at similar peak metamorphic conditions of ~8–10 kbar and ~900–1,000°C, consistent with field evidence for in situ partial melting and the classic interpretation of the central region of the Lewisian Complex as representing a single crustal block. Melt‐reintegration modelling was employed in order to estimate probable protolith compositions. Phase equilibria calculated for these modelled undepleted precursors match well with those determined for a subsolidus amphibolite from Gairloch in the southern region of the Lewisian Complex. Both subsolidus lithologies exhibit similar phase relations and potential melt fertility, with both expected to produce orthopyroxene‐bearing hornblende granulites, with or without garnet, at the conditions inferred for the Badcallian metamorphic peak. For fully hydrated protoliths, prograde melting is predicted to first occur at ~620°C and ~9.5 kbar, with up to 45% partial melt predicted to form at peak conditions in a closed‐system environment. Partial melts calculated for both compositions between 610 and 1,050°C are mostly trondhjemitic. Although the melt‐reintegrated granulite is predicted to produce more potassic (granitic) melts at ~700–900°C, the modelled melts are consistent with the measured compositions of felsic sheets from the central region Lewisian Complex.     

Influence of ferric iron on phase equilibria in greenschist facies assemblages: the hematite‐rich metasedimentary rocks from the Monti Pisani (Northern Apennines)

We have investigated the effects of different Fe₂O₃ bulk contents on the calculated phase equilibria of low‐T/intermediate‐P metasedimentary rocks. Thermodynamic modelling within the MnO–Na₂O–K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–TiO₂–O (MnNKFMASHTO) chemical system of chloritoid‐bearing hematite‐rich metasedimentary rocks from the Variscan basement of the Pisani Mountains (Northern Apennines, Italy) fails to reproduce the observed mineral compositions when the bulk Fe₂O₃ is determined through titration. The mismatch between observed and computed mineral compositions and assemblage is resolved by tuning the effective ferric iron content by P–XFe₂O₃ diagrams, obtaining equilibration conditions of 475 °C and 9–10 kbar related to a post‐compressional phase of the Alpine collision. The introduction of ferric iron affects the stability of the main rock‐forming silicates that often yield important thermobaric information. In Fe₂O₃‐rich compositions, garnet‐ and carpholite‐in curves shift towards higher temperatures with respect to the Fe₂O₃‐free systems. The presence of a ferric‐iron oxide (hematite) prevents the formation of biotite in the mineral assemblage even at temperatures approaching 550 °C. The use of P–T–XFe₂O₃ phase diagrams may also provide P–T information in common greenschist facies metasedimentary rocks.     

High-P granulites of the Songshugou area (Qinling Orogen,east-central China): Petrography,phase relations,and U/Pb zircon geochronology

High-pressure (HP) granulites provide telling records of mineral reactions at upper mantle to lower crustal levels and key information on the fate of material in subduction systems. The latter especially applies when they abut eclogite and mantle dunite because such rock associations are crucial for understanding the incompletely known processes at the interface of converging plates. A continental arc, active c. 520–395 Ma ago, formed an enigmatic example of such a rock association in the Songshugou area, Qinling Orogen. To unravel the juxtaposition of the distinct rocks, this study combines petrography, phase equilibria modelling, conventional thermobarometry, and zircon U–Th–Pb–Ti–REE analysis. Two mafic HP granulites, which contain the mineral assemblages garnet–clinopyroxene–plagioclase–rutile–mesoperthite–quartz and garnet–clinopyroxene–plagioclase–rutile, experienced peak metamorphic conditions of ≤1.4 GPa, 860°C and ~1.3 GPa, ≥910°C, respectively. During decompression and cooling, at 489 ± 4 Ma, amphibole lamellae unmixed from a clinopyroxene solid solution and orthopyroxene in part replaced garnet. A felsic HP granulite shows equilibration of garnet, perthite, antiperthite, kyanite, quartz, and rutile at 810–860°C, ~1.2 GPa, sillimanite growth during decompression, and upper amphibolite facies cooling at 510 ± 4 Ma. Though the thermobarometric data are just within the methodological errors, the U/Pb zircon ages imply the HP granulites did not evolve coherently. The HP granulites either represent foundered lower arc crust or originated from subduction erosion because their geochemistry is indistinguishable from that of the hanging-wall plate. Published and new pressure–temperature–time–deformation paths converge at ~710°C, ~0.9 GPa, and ≲470 Ma, implying exhumation tectonics juxtaposed the HP granulites with a mélange of eclogite and mantle dunite at lower crustal levels. This study highlights that lower arc crust can comprise material of diverse evolution.     

北斗Ⅱ载波相位差分定位法在高填方变形监测中的应用

通过对北斗Ⅱ载波相位差分定位技术在高填方变形监测中的应用研究,包括实时动态差分定位(RTK)和静态相对定位,构建了完整的北斗Ⅱ高填方变形监测软硬件系统。该系统采用基于贯序极限学习机的卫星信号周跳探测与修复方法进行数据预处理,并利用基于卫星历元数的分层置信滤波算法对静态相对定位结果进行修正,提高了定位结果的准确性和可靠性。通过自制的精度测试装置,以百分表和钢尺测量的位移变化量为相对真值,完成了上述变形监测系统的精度试验。试验结果表明:该系统的RTK高程测量精度优于2 cm,静态高程测量精度优于2 mm,静态水平位移测量精度优于1.5 mm,可有效抑制卫星信号周跳和卫星历元数量较少等因素的影响。     

一种链码跟踪与相位验证相结合的直线提取方法

提出了一种链码跟踪与相位验证相结合的直线提取方法。该方法首先针对Canny边缘图提出一种完全细化方法;其次提出一种改进的链码跟踪方法,其步骤包括检测链码端点,建立动态链码主方向确定链码跟踪方向,优先跟踪八邻域内边缘点,八邻域内无边缘点再进行八邻域外边缘点,并采用直线化分析对链码进行动态约束;最后对链码进行直线拟合及相位验证,满足条件输出直线,不满足要求的链码则重新设定端点进行跟踪直线提取。通过多种不同光学图像数据的试验结果分析表明,本文所提出的方法不仅能够精确实现边缘直线信息的拟合,并且能够解决由于白噪声及相位编组所引起的直线断裂问题。     

偏航姿态对北斗精密单点定位的影响分析

当太阳相对于卫星轨道面的高度角较小时,北斗导航卫星将不会跟踪太阳位置,卫星姿态发生异常复杂的变化后一段时间内处于零偏模式。在此期间采用名义姿态将影响卫星天线相位中心偏差、相位缠绕等误差计算,进而使精密单点定位(PPP)参数估计和天顶对流层延迟估计出现偏差。研究表明,在北斗导航卫星处于零偏期间,采用名义姿态计算的相位缠绕、天线相位中心偏差中存在超过15cm的误差。在此期间的北斗卫星采用零偏姿态改正相位缠绕等误差,与采用名义姿态相比,动态PPP位置参数N、E、U的估计精度可以提高53.2%、54.2%、39.3%,静态PPP位置参数N、E、U的估计精度可以提高61.0%、72.3%、58.4%,天顶对流层延迟估计精度提高33.0%。     

地面三维激光扫描技术在川藏铁路危岩落石勘察中的应用

危岩体结构面产状信息的获取是地质勘查中的重要内容。川藏铁路沿线山体陡峭,地质环境复杂,传统的人工测量方法受到很大限制。本文介绍了三维激光扫描技术在川藏铁路危岩体的扫描应用,阐述了三维激光扫描仪的数据获取及数据处理技术,并分析了如何利用三维激光扫描技术来获取危岩体结构面产状信息。     

多基准点和基准方向的面阵与线阵影像匹配方法

针对面阵影像与线阵影像之间存在的尺度、旋转等几何差异所导致的难以高效获得稳定可靠匹配点问题,该文提出了一种稳健的面阵影像与线阵影像匹配方法。算法分为3个阶段:(1)对影像进行尺度、旋转预处理,消除影像间的尺度和旋转差异;(2)用Harris算子提取特征点,进行逐层金字塔匹配,在最底层影像上进行最小二乘匹配获取精匹配点,利用随机抽样一致算法获取准确性较高的匹配点;(3)对准确性较高的匹配点分区,构建4块匹配区域,根据每块区域的匹配点计算重心,以此4块区域的重心作为匹配基准点和基准方向,重约束初始匹配结果。通过多组面阵影像与线阵影像数据实验结果,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性,可为后续空中三角测量及相关应用提供可靠的匹配点。