The distribution of solute processes on an acid hillslope and the delivery of solutes to a stream: I. Exchangeable bases

This paper aims to identify the spatial distribution of exchangeable base cations in soils on an acid hillslope and to investigate possible cation release processes from slope soils to the stream. The basic assumption underlying this research is that the amount of exchangeable cations in soils reflects the nutrient stores and cation leaching processes across the slope where vegetation and parent materials are similar. The distribution of exchangeable Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺ and Na⁺ has been investigated on a three-dimensional hillslope on the Quantock Hills, Somerset, UK. A two-way ANOVA shows that soil depth is predominant in explaining the total variance of exchangeable bases, despite the steep slope gradient and clear podzolic catena development. Major nutrient base cations, such as Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺, display homogeneous topsoil storage right across the slope. This spatial pattern may indicate that the spatial distribution of major nutrient cations is tightly controlled by the soil–vegetation system in nutrient-poor heathland environments. Na⁺ is an exception to this vegetation-controlled spatial distribution, because of its small involvement in the soil–vegetation and soil exchangeable systems. In subsurface soils, cations liberated from the soil–vegetation system are subject to redistribution over the slope according to the hydrological flowpaths operating on the slope, with some eventually released into the stream. The saturated wedge developed at the base of the slope plays a key role in the storage and release processes of base cations from slope soils to the stream. Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Na⁺ carried by throughflow are stored in the saturated wedge and gradually released into the stream at times of high flow. K⁺, however, shows an apparently different spatial behaviour, being deficient in the saturated wedge. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Use of non-linear localization for isolating structures from earthquake-induced motions

The dynamic response due to earthquake-induced excitations of multi-storey buildings simulated by a cantilever (with attached concentrated masses) supported on a flexible foundation, is reconsidered when stiffness non-linearities are included. To this end, a suitable non-linear spring-mass device is placed between the ground and the mass of the foundation, which under certain conditions can absorb a significant amount of seismic energy over a large frequency range, thus drastically reducing the seismic response of the foundation. This is achieved by the stiffness non-linearity that gives rise to a localization phenomenon, according to which motions generated by external disturbances remain passively localized close to the point of seismic excitation instead of ‘spreading’ to the entire structure. The implications of these findings to the design of earthquake-resistant structures are discusssed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of structural walls on the elastic–plastic earthquake responses of frame–wall buildings

Effects of structural walls on the elastic–plastic earthquake response of short- to medium-height reinforced concrete buildings were investigated. The analytical model consists of independent lumped mass systems representing walls and frames connected at each floor. The wall structure undergoes flexural as well as shear deformation and fails in shear at relatively small story drifts, the frames deforming only in shear. As a measure of structural damage, the ductility factor responses of frame structures were calculated for different combinations of base shear coefficients for the frames and walls. In buildings with relatively weak frames, the installation of structural walls did not improve the large plastic response of the frames up to the point where the walls were unfailed in shear and the ductility factors of the frame structure were suddenly reduced to a very small number. For relatively strong frames, however, the response displacements decreased gradually as the number of walls increased, whether or not the walls failed. Empirical formulas for the required base shear coefficients of the walls and frames which gave a target ductility factor response also were derived for two particular groups of accelerograms. These equations should be of practical use in designing frame-wall type buildings and in retrofitting damaged buildings. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈利用面向对象的方法实现GIS模型库系统

剖析了GIS中的模型分类问题,提出三模型分类的观点,并提出利用面向对象思想建立空间数据处理模型库系统,用于快速开发模型库,为各方面用户提供一个模型维护、创建、支持空间分析和模拟功能的通用工具,以缓解GIS发展中空间分析能力差、决策支持能力弱的现状。本文详细分析了GIS模型库系统中模型的表示方法、模型库管理系统的功能实现、系统与外界GIS集成的典型问题,为面向对象的G0IS模型库系统建立提供了可行性思路。     

小波分析在单频GPS快速精密定位中的应用研究

单频GPS快速定位方程是严重病态的,应用最小二乘原理得到的模糊度浮点解大大偏离其准确值,应用LAMBDA方法难以正确地固定模糊度。本文将GPS载波相位双差观测量在不同的小波空间和尺度空间进行分解和重构,去除高频测量噪声,可减小测量噪声对GPS快速定位中病态方程解的影响,提高模糊度浮点解的精度,缩小模糊度搜索空间。实验表明,对于GPS短基线,仅利用1min左右的单频载波观测数据,经过基于haar、db4、coif4和sym4小波的5尺度小波变换后,可获得较准确的模糊度浮点解,应用LAMBDA法可正确地固定模糊度,达到厘米级定位精度。     

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF BASE-ISOLATED SHEAR BEAMS BUMPING AGAINST STOPS

Base isolation requires a gap between the base-isolated building and its surroundings to provide space for the deformation of isolation system. Bumping against the surroundings may change the performance of the base-isolated building. In this study, the building is modelled as an elastic or inelastic shear beam and the surroundings is simplified as elastic or inelastic stops. The influence of stop stiffness, gap size and stop strength on the seismic response is studied. Numerical results indicate that the impact wave induced by the bumping can create an extremely high acceleration response in the shear beam, if the shear beam remains elastic. A non-linearly elastic stop model is observed to reduce the acceleration response. If the shear beam yields, the impact wave cannot propagate through the shear beam and the shear beam remains in the low acceleration response except for the base. Changing the stop stiffness or stop strength has little effect on the distribution of ductility demand along the shear beam. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑耦联影响的二次结构体系减震分析

建立了基础隔震的主次结构体系耦联运动方程,开发了动力分析程序PS—BASE．FOR,对一典型结构的二次结构绝对加速度反应谱与相对位移反应谱计算分析表明,主体结构隔震或同时增大二次结构阻尼,是取得二次结构较好抗震性能的有效途径,增大主体结构的隔震阻尼对二次结构略有不利影响。     

普通地图符号库的设计与实现

地形图符号库是数字地图和GIS系统不可缺少的一个模块,本文在分析地图符号分类与结构的基础上,应用V isual C 6.0面向对象的方法详细论述了点状、线状、面状符号的制作过程。     

陆壳岩石化学结构建立方法探讨

根据既有岩石化学成分又有地震波速的实验岩石数据,讨论了影响岩石波速的主要因素和不同实验条件下地震波速与岩石成分之间的线性关系差异。选择常温、600MPa测定的数据建立了地震波速Vp与SiO2、石英、石英 长石、岩石分异指数DI的回归方程,并讨论了回归方程的适用范围。对这些方程进行验证表明它们能够用于地震波速推断深部物质成分。     

基于决策树的景观制图探讨与实践

对固原县2001年的遥感影像进行光谱信息分析,利用DEM进行地形因子的分析,并据此建立一个专家知识库,然后结合遥感相关地理学和景观学知识以及当地的相关土地政策,对固原县2010年的影像进行监督分类,并在此基础上结合先前建立的专家知识库进行决策树分类,得到固原县的景观分类图。